42. Why does the author mention a hammer in paragraph 2?
(A) To explain the concepts of assimilation and accommodation
(B) To demonstrate how a 9-year-old girl responds to a new experience
(C) To prove that a young child cannot engage in problem solving
(D)To provide an example of the first stage of cognitive development

38. The author refers to ''The missing piece of the navigational puzzle" in paragraph 4 in order to (A) show that navigation was considered an amusing game. (B) highlight that the ability to determine longitude was the final problem to be solved (C) indicate that missing ships were difficult to find (D)determine that it was difficult to calculate latitude.

39. Which of the following navigational devices can be used to resolve longitudinal problems during navigation? (A) Backstaff (B) Sextant (C) Chronometer (D)Stars

40. It is implied in the passage that (A) Harrison's device was not very accurate. (B) Harrison spent considerable time traveling. (C) Harrison received 20,000 pounds from Parliament. (D)Harrison's device was better than any other device in determining latitude.

41. Which of the sentences below expresses the information in the underlined statement in the passage? (A) Our new experiences require that we adjust in order to understand information that we have never seen. (B) Understanding new ideas is easier if we include observations and personal experiences. (C) We engage in both organization of what we see and experience and adaption of novel ideas. (D) Thinking must include direct observation and experiences in order to organize the information.

43. Which of the following behaviors illustrates that a child is in concrete operational stage? (A) Logical reasoning for specific examples (B) Intuitive thought in images and drawings - (C) Methodical trials to determine the reason for events (D) None of the above

44. The word ''others" in paragraph 3 refers to (A) months (B) objects (C) fingers (D) blankets

45. Which of the following is NOT a behavior typically shown in the formal operational stage? (A) Abstract thinking with hypotheses (B) Thinking about potential situations for the future (C) Successful solution of tangible problems (D)Imagination of ideal situations or relationships

46. In preoperational stage, which of the following behavior will the child NOT be able to perform? (A) Match the word and the concept (B) Mental recall of an action done previously (C) Draw a picture of an animal (D)None of the above

47. According to paragraph 7, why would a 10-year-old be unable to solve algebra problems? (A) Algebra requires concrete operational thinking. (B) A 10-year-old has not reached the formal operational stage. (C) A child of 10 does not have logical reasoning abilities. (D) An algebra problem has too many steps in order to solve it.

48. In paragraph 8, the author mentions parents because (A) teenagers are already thinking about their roles in the future. (B) parents are very important teachers during the final stages of development. (C) the comparison of real and ideal parents is an example of abstract thinking, (D) adolescents tend to be critical of their parents as part of their development.