44. Which of the following peptides would be the most likely to have an N-myristoyl anchor?
(A) YRPONLC
(B) GAREFDR
(C) MGRCVLN
(D) NILWAKG
(E) SIPGNYT

45. Which of the following is true about the distribution of phospholipids on cell membranes? (A) Under normal physiological conditions, the lateral diffusion rate of phospholipids in the cell membrane is approximately several nanometers per second. (B) Compared with lateral movement, the transverse movement of phospholipids between the inner and outer leaflets of the cell membrane is much faster. (C) Floppase can actively transport amphiphilic lipids from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet. (D) When phosphatidylserine is found in the outer leaflet, scramblase uses the energy of ATP to move it to the inner leaflet. (E) The distribution ratio of phosphatidylserine in the inner and outer leaflets of the cell membrane is approximately the same.

46. Which of the following is a semi-essential amino acid； that is, this amino acid is essential in infants but not in adult. (A)Proline (B) Histidine (C) Leucine (D) Tyrosine (E) Lysine

47. Allopurinol is in a class of medicationswhich can alleviate the production of uric acid in the body. Which of the following statement is incorrect for allopurinol? (A) Allopurinol is used to reduce gout attacks. (B) Allopurinol undertakes metabolism in the liver where it transforms into its active metabolite. (C) Allopurinol is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine. (D) Allopurinol is a uricosuric, it cannot be used in people with poor kidney function. (E)Allopurinol is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.

48. Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased mctabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. The unavailability of the following factor might result in phenylketonuria? (A) thiamine (B) biotin (C) tetrahydrobiopterin (D) tetrahydrofolate (E) lipoamine

49. Comparing the ubiquitination and sumoylation pathways, which of the following statements are TRUE? (1) Both types of protein modification can target proteins for proteasome- mediated degradation (2) Both types of protein modification can be used to regulate DNA repair. (3) Before modification, SUMOs need to be proteolytically processed. (4) Both types of modification can provide a new binding site for an interacting partner. (5) For both types of modification, ligation occurs between a Gly residue on substrate proteins and a Lys residue on the modifiers. (A) 234(B) 135 (C) 245 (D) 123 (E) 345

50. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful technology to amplify DNA. If the detection sensitivity of DNA agarose gel is 10s molecules of double-stranded DNA and the starting material contains 100 double-stranded DN A molecules, what is the minimal number of PCR cycles to detect the DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis? (assume the efficiency of every PCR cycle is 100%) (A) 5 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 16 (E) 32

51. RNA interference is a technique commonly used to modulate gene expression. Which of the following descriptions about this technology is incorrect? (A) Double-stranded RNA usually produces better interference efiect than single- stranded RNA docs. (B) The RNA delivered into the cell is first trimmed into 21-23 nucleotide siRNA by the endoribonuclease Dicer. (C) siRNA binds to the target gene promoter and prevents transcription through the action of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). (D) RISC has RNA helicase and RNase H activities. (E) RISC can cleave the mRNA bound by siRNA, so that the protein cannot be translated.

52. mRNA is a single-stranded RNA that corresponds to the sequence of a gene； meanwhile, mRNA is read by a ribosome in the process of protein synthesis. Which of the following statement is incorrect for mRNA and its role on RNA processing? (A) mRNA is derived from its upstreamed precursor hnRNA. (B) Caps are regularly observed on the 5'-end of mRNA with unmodified pppA and pppT structure. (C) Poly A tails are polymers of 200 to 300 adenylated residues linked with phosphodiester bonds. (D) All hnRNA introns have a guanine-uracil sequence on the 5' border of their intron/exon junctions. (E) Polyadenylation assists stabilize mRNA.

53. In the Ramachandran plot as shown below, clusters of dots show: (1) where the phi and psi angles are energetically favorable (2) the tertiary structure (3) the folding energy (4) where beta strands occur (5) where alpha helices, beta strands, and turns do not occur (A) 2,5 (B) 1,5 (C) 2,3 (D) 1,4 (E) 4, 5

54. Remdesivir is an FDA approved antiviral treatment for Covid-19. The structure of remdesivir is shown below. Which of the following statement about remdesivir is correct? (A) The structure of this antiviral drug mimics ribonucleotide. (B) It is subjected to phosphorylation to form bioactive bisphosphate in cells. (C) It is a guanine nucleotide analog. (D) It targets DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (E) It inhibits viral entry.

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