45. Which of following does NOT belong to “Innate immunity”?
(A) Mucus membranes
(B) Skin
(C) Nostril hairs
(D) Natural killer cells
(E) Lymphocytes

46. Which kind of hormone (or neurotransmitter) is involved in regulation of circadian rhythm in human? (A) Melanin (B) Oxytocin (C) Melatonin (D) Acetylcholine (E) Dopamine

47. What is the plant hormone which is produced in roots and promotes the attraction of mycorrhizal fungi to the roots? (A) brassinosteroids (B) jasmonates (C) strigolactones (D) abscisic acid (E) gibberellins

48. Which of the following hormones does NOT match the response it elicits? (A) Salicylic acid: Resistance of plants to some pathogens (B) Ethylene: Fruit abscission (C) Auxin: Apical dominance (D) Brassinosteroids: Leaf morphogenesis (E) Abscisic acid: Release of seeds from dormancy

49. Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? (A) Platyhelminthes (B) Arthropoda (C) Mollusca (D) Cnidaria (E) Porifera

50. Some evolutionary changes can occur when the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met. Which of the following matches is FALSE? (A) Adaptive evolution: No natural selection (B) Genetic drift: No gene flow (C) Founder effect: Extremely large population size (D) Stabilizing selection: No natural selection (E) Sexual dimorphism: Random mating

51. Which description about speciation is FALSE? (A) Speciation can occur rapidly. (B) Speciation can not be driven by few genes. (C) A species may originate from polyploidy. (D) Species can take place without geographic separation. (E) Divergence of allopatric population can lead to reproductive isolation.

52. Flower color in sweet peas is controlled by two genes, C/c and E/e. C is dominant to c and E is dominant to e. A plant produces purple flowers only if it contains at least one dominant allele for each gene； otherwise it produces white flowers. If two plants heterozygous for both genes are crossed, what will be the phenotypic ratio for purple: white flowers? (A) 3:1 (B) 4:1 (C) 9:7 (D) 5:3 (E) 15:1

53. A person with an extra copy of what number of chromosome has a condition called “Down syndrome” (A) Chromosome 9 (B) Chromosome 13 (C) Chromosome 18 (D) Chromosome 21 (E) Chromosome X

54. Regarding damage to the AV node of heart, what type of wave can cause an Electrocardiography (ECG) ? (A) The absence of the T wave (B) The absence of the P wave (C) Multiple Q waves (D) Multiple T waves (E) Multiple P waves

55. If the mitochondria were removed from a cell, which of the following would NOT immediately stop? (A) Glycolysis (B) The citric acid cycle (C) Thermogenic respiration (D) Oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain of respiration (E) Malate-aspartate shuttle

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