47. Which assumption about human desire underlies the author’s description of early marketing in Britain in paragraph 2?
(A) Desire for goods increases naturally as income rises.
(B) Envy and aspiration can be cultivated through social comparison.
(C) Consumer tastes are determined mainly by cultural traditions.
(D) Fashion functions independently of economic structures.

43. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 regarding “auxiliary” uses of AI, such as outlining? (A) They are generally accepted as harmless by all educators. (B) They are mechanical tasks that do not require cognitive effort. (C) They may hinder the development of a student’s ability to comprehend arguments. (D) They are more useful for advanced scholars than for beginning students.

44. What is implied about the relationship between literacy and democracy in paragraph 3? (A) Democracy is only possible in societies where AI is forbidden in educational settings. (B) Democracy requires participants to evaluate arguments and make reasoned judgements. (C) Traditional literacy is becoming obsolete in most democratic nations. (D) Informed decision-making is less important than creative interaction with texts.

45. Which statement best reflects the author’s primary position in the final paragraph? (A) AI should replace traditional literacy practices in higher education. (B) AI use is unavoidable and therefore should not be restricted. (C) Higher education must preserve practices that foster independent, cognitively mature thinkers. (D) More advanced technological resources in universities could improve students’ AI literacy.

46. The author’s emphasis on “economic insecurity” in paragraph 1 primarily serves to _____. (A) explain why consumer debt was historically common (B) suggest that frugality is encouraged by religious beliefs (C) contrast survival-oriented societies with consumer-oriented ones (D) argue that scarcity inevitably produces social stability

48. According to paragraph 3, what was one advantage of radio and television as marketing tools? (A) They required audiences to have high levels of media literacy. (B) They were originally used to promote educational and entertaining contents. (C) They were the primary and cheap marketing channels during the Great Depression. (D) They could reach audiences emotionally without needing advanced literacy.

49. Based on the passage, what is the author’s view on the relationship between identity and consumerism? (A) Identity is strictly biological and unaffected by economic systems. (B) Consumer choice enhances individual autonomy and personal value. (C) Consumerism has helped people move away from materialistic identities. (D) Modern identities have become closely tied to the goods individuals own.

50. Which of the following best expresses the author’s overall view of modern consumerism? (A) It was deliberately constructed to sustain economic growth. (B) It arose unintentionally from technological progress. (C) It was a beneficial development due to labor shortages. (D) It primarily reflected individual consumer choices.

1. The host range of a virus is determined by (A) the enzymes carried by the virus. (B) whether its nucleic acid is DNA or RNA. (C) the proteins in the host's cytoplasm. (D) the enzymes produced by the virus before it infects the cell. (E) the proteins on its surface and that of the host.

2. Most molecular biologists think that viruses originated from fragments of cellular nucleic acid. Which of the following observations supports this theory? (A) Viruses contain either DNA or RNA. (B) Viruses are enclosed in protein capsids rather than plasma membranes. (C) Viruses can reproduce only inside host cells. (D) Viruses can infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (E) Viral genomes are usually similar to the genome of the host cell.

3. Why are yeast cells frequently used as hosts for cloning? (A) They easily form colonies. (B) They can remove exons from mRNA. (C) They do not have plasmids. (D) They are eukaryotic cells. (E) Only yeast cells allow the gene to be cloned.