48. Certain genes in Fungi Laccaria bicolor are highly upregulated in mycorrhizae. What can be inferred from this?
(A) These genes are essential for the symbiotic relationship between the fungus and plant.
(B) These genes are only expressed when the fungus is not in contact with a plant.
(C) These genes are related to primary metabolism.
(D) These genes are related to asexual reproduction.
(E) These genes are related to decomposition.

1. What is a key adaptation that allows plants to colonize land? (A) Ability to live in water (B) Protection of embryos (C) Ability to perform photosynthesis (D) Development of vascular tissue for transport (E) Ability to attract pollinators

2. Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some _____ survive and reproduce better than others. (A) alleles (B) loci (C) species (D) individuals (E) ecosystems

3. In an ecosystem, if an insect that consumes plant seeds containing 100 J, using 30 J for respiration and excreting 50 J in its feces, what is the insect’s net secondary production, and what is its production efficiency? (A) 20 J; 20% (B) 50 J; 50% (C) 30 J; 30% (D) 70 J; 70% (E) 80 J; 80%

4. How do insects exchange gases? (A) Using lungs (B) Through skin diffusion (C) Via tracheal system (D) Through hemoglobin (E) With gills

5. Heartwood and sapwood consist of _____. (A) bark (B) periderm (C) secondary phloem (D) secondary xylem (E) vascular cambium

6. What is the primary function of the plant hormone auxin? (A) Inhibit seed germination (B) Promote cell elongation and phototropism (C) Stimulate stomatal closure (D) Reduce transpiration (E) Activate pathogen defense mechanisms

7. In angosperm, what does double fertilization mean? (A) One sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of the female gametophyte. (B) Every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo. (C) Flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds. (D) The pollen grain must germinate twice to produce a pollen tube. (E) Fertilization must occur both in the spring and in the fall.

8. What is a defining feature of ascomycetes that distinguishes them from other fungal groups? (A) The production of non-flagellated spores in sporangia (B) The presence of zygosporangia in sexual reproduction (C) The formation of spores in sac-like structures (D) The presence of flagellated spores in their life cycle (E) The development of fruiting bodies called basidiocarps

9. Which one is NOT involved in long-term potentiation of the brain? (A) Glutamate (B) Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ (C) NMDA receptor (D) AMPA receptor (E) P granules

10. A mutation changes a codon from GAC to UAC in the mRNA coding region. Which of the following best describes this mutation? (A) A missense mutation (B) A nonsense mutation (C) A silent mutation (D) A frameshift mutation (E) A neutral mutation that enhances protein function

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