50. An individual human can be thought of as a ________, consisting of a host and a variety of microbes. DNA from saliva or fecal samples, for example, would reveal the DNA genomes of both the host and its symbiotic microbes, known together as the ________.
(A) holobiont, hologenome
(B) hologenome, holobiont
(C) microbiome, microgenome
(D) microbiome, hologenome

51. You are observing the embryonic development of a new species in your laboratory. This species has indeterminate development. You note a mutation in which one of the blastomeres (early cells) mutates and loses its function. What do you hypothesize would happen to this being? (A) Nothing—the remaining blastomeres would accommodate the formation of the necessary structures of the embryo. (B) Immediate embryo death—the remaining blastomeres could not accommodate the formation of the necessary structures of the embryo. (C) Uncertain future for the embryo—depending on which blastomere was lost, the remaining blastomeres might accommodate the formation of the necessary structures of the embryo. (D) The embryo would certainly lack some features as a result of the lost blastomere.

52. Molecular-based phylogies place the phylum Platyhelminthes in the Protostomia. How do scientists best explain the morphological differences between flatworms and the other members of the Lophotrochozoa? (A) Modern Platyhelminthes do not have a coelom but did originate from an ancestor that had one. (B) The Platyhelminthes clade separated from other clades before coeloms evolved and consequently Platyhelminthes have never had a coelom. (C) Platyhelminthes originated from ancestors with a coelom and have retained it to the present time. (D) Platyhelminthes evolved from an ancestor without a coelom but developed one during the course of their evolution.

53. A frog loses its ability to undergo buccal pumping. What must happen to compensate for this loss? (A) The pumping of blood from the atria to the ventricle must increase. (B) The exchange of gases through the skin must increase. (C) The pumping of blood from the ventricle to the body must increase. (D) The diffusion of wastes through the kidneys must increase.

54. Metamorphosis is (A) changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog. (B) an intermediate condition, such as length of legs in mice between longer legs of some mice and shorter legs in others, a condition caused by Hox genes. (C) the developmental changing of a scale to a feather. (D) the evolutionary transition from fishes to amphibians.

55. Which of the following would NOT be an example of negative feedback control in homeostasis? (A) Blood volume and pressure drop due to minor bleeding. This decreased pressure causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption to restore blood volume and pressure. (B) Exposure to cold water causes body temperature to drop. Decreased stimulation of heat receptors causes constriction of blood vessels near the skin and better retention of heat. (C) Glucose levels rise following consumption of a big dessert, triggering release of insulin which causes glucose levels to fall. (D) During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors.

56. Sucralose is a non-caloric artificial sweetener. Its structure is similar to sucrose, but with three of sucrose's hydroxyl groups replaced by chloride. How do you predict sucralose behaves in the body? (A) Sucralose enters cells by diffusion. (B) Sucralose is unable to bind conventional sugar transport mediators and is excreted. (C) Sucralose binds to glucose transport mediators and is metabolized by normal metabolic pathways. (D) Sucralose does not enter the body.

57. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains numerous inward folds called cristae, which greatly increase the surface area of this membrane. Because ATP is produced on the inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae enhance the ability of the mitochondria to generate ATP. What structure can be thought of as similar to these cristae? (A) Spiracle (B) Finger-like projections of a human's small intestine (C) Bronchiole (D) Cartilage

58. The acetylcholine receptor is a ligand-gated channel that produces (A) Depolarization by allowing Na+ ions to enter the muscle fiber. (B) Hyperpolarization by allowing Na+ ions to exit the muscle fiber. (C) Depolarization by allowing Cl-ions to enter the muscle fiber. (D) Depolarization by allowing K+ ions to leave the muscle fiber.

59. Teeth aren't exactly bones, but they're made up of similar tissues and are subject to the same problems bones may have. In what way(s) do you predict the disease rickets might affect teeth? (A) Periodontal disease: Redness and swelling elicited by bacterial infection of the gums. (B) Delayed formation: The baby teeth may not erupt until after one year. When they erupt, they may be smaller than normal. (C) Increased likelihood of cavities: Low vitamin C status prevents sufficient mineralization, allowing infection to establish on the teeth. (D) Canker sores: Painful mouth sores associated with bacteria and/or viruses.

60. Contraction of the muscles surrounding an arteriole that decreased its diameter by 50% would (A) increase the resistance in the arteriole approximately 16-fold. (B) decrease the resistance in the arteriole approximately 16-fold. (C) increase the resistance in the arteriole by approximately 50%. (D) decrease the resistance in the arteriole approximately 50%.

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