54. Metamorphosis is
(A) changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog.
(B) an intermediate condition, such as length of legs in mice between longer legs of some mice and shorter legs in others, a condition caused by Hox genes.
(C) the developmental changing of a scale to a feather.
(D) the evolutionary transition from fishes to amphibians.

55. Which of the following would NOT be an example of negative feedback control in homeostasis? (A) Blood volume and pressure drop due to minor bleeding. This decreased pressure causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption to restore blood volume and pressure. (B) Exposure to cold water causes body temperature to drop. Decreased stimulation of heat receptors causes constriction of blood vessels near the skin and better retention of heat. (C) Glucose levels rise following consumption of a big dessert, triggering release of insulin which causes glucose levels to fall. (D) During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors.

56. Sucralose is a non-caloric artificial sweetener. Its structure is similar to sucrose, but with three of sucrose's hydroxyl groups replaced by chloride. How do you predict sucralose behaves in the body? (A) Sucralose enters cells by diffusion. (B) Sucralose is unable to bind conventional sugar transport mediators and is excreted. (C) Sucralose binds to glucose transport mediators and is metabolized by normal metabolic pathways. (D) Sucralose does not enter the body.

57. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains numerous inward folds called cristae, which greatly increase the surface area of this membrane. Because ATP is produced on the inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae enhance the ability of the mitochondria to generate ATP. What structure can be thought of as similar to these cristae? (A) Spiracle (B) Finger-like projections of a human's small intestine (C) Bronchiole (D) Cartilage

58. The acetylcholine receptor is a ligand-gated channel that produces (A) Depolarization by allowing Na+ ions to enter the muscle fiber. (B) Hyperpolarization by allowing Na+ ions to exit the muscle fiber. (C) Depolarization by allowing Cl-ions to enter the muscle fiber. (D) Depolarization by allowing K+ ions to leave the muscle fiber.

59. Teeth aren't exactly bones, but they're made up of similar tissues and are subject to the same problems bones may have. In what way(s) do you predict the disease rickets might affect teeth? (A) Periodontal disease: Redness and swelling elicited by bacterial infection of the gums. (B) Delayed formation: The baby teeth may not erupt until after one year. When they erupt, they may be smaller than normal. (C) Increased likelihood of cavities: Low vitamin C status prevents sufficient mineralization, allowing infection to establish on the teeth. (D) Canker sores: Painful mouth sores associated with bacteria and/or viruses.

60. Contraction of the muscles surrounding an arteriole that decreased its diameter by 50% would (A) increase the resistance in the arteriole approximately 16-fold. (B) decrease the resistance in the arteriole approximately 16-fold. (C) increase the resistance in the arteriole by approximately 50%. (D) decrease the resistance in the arteriole approximately 50%.

61. What formula correctly represents the behavior of CO2 in the blood? (A) CO2 + H2O « H2CO3 + CO (B) CO2 + H+ « HCO3 + « H2O + H2CO3 (C) CO2 + HCO3 - « H+ + H2O + H2CO3 (D) CO2 + H2O « H2CO3 « HCO3 - + H+

62. Which structure of the reproductive system is treated as needing special protection during hemorrhage, much like the brain or heart? (A) Placenta (B) Ovaries (C) Testes (D) Uterus

63. After an animal has a hemorrhage, where does the fluid portion of blood come from, as blood volume is restored? (A) Interstitial fluid (B) Bone marrow (C) Intestines (D)Stomach

64. Why is a drop in blood pressure potentially dangerous? (A) Active cells, like those in the brain, need a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients. (B) Once pressure drops, it can take hours to increase it again. (C) Low blood pressure leads to gas bubbles in the blood that can cause a stroke or the “bends”. (D) If pressure is not high enough, blood vessels collapse and can become stuck closed.

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