50. The linkage between the tRNA and an amino acid in an amino-acyl tRNA complex is mediated by?
(A) an amide
(B) an acyl phosphate
(C) a hydroxylamine
(D) an ether
(E) an ester

51. Which of the following is the common pathway for how a protein is synthesized and secreted by cells? (A) RER→ lysosome→ Golgi apparatus→plasma membrane (B) Golgi apparatus→RER →transport vesicles →plasma membrane (C) RER →Golgi apparatus→  transport vesicles→plasma membrane (D) RER→ transport vesicles →Golgi apparatus→nucleus (E) RER→  lysosome→  transport vesicles→plasma membrane

52. Endomembrane system modulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions. Which of the following organelle is NOT included in the endomembrane system? (A) mitochondria (B) endoplasmic reticulum (C) Golgi apparatus (D) endosome (E) lysosome

53. Which of the following statements about catabolic pathways is correct? a) degrade complex organic molecules rich in potential energy into simpler waste products with less energy, b) fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars with the use of oxygen, c) aerobic respiration is the most efficient catabolic pathway, d) some prokaryotes harvest chemical energy without oxygen, known as anaerobic respiration, e) catabolism is linked to work by a chemical shaft-GTP. (A) abc (B) abd (C) acd (D) abce (E) ace

54. Which phase of mitosis is characterized by centrosomes located at the opposite pole and chromosomes aligned at the equator of cells? (A) prophase (B) prometaphase (C) metaphase (D) anaphase (E) telophase

56. Albinism is a congenital disease due to the loss of melanin in animals. One man got married to a woman, but they did not conceive that both of them are carriers of albinism. If they give birth to two children, what is the probability of both offspring being aflicted with this disease? (A) 1/2 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/8 (D) 1/16 (E) 1/64

57. Watson and Crick built an antiparallel double helix model structure of DNA. Which type of bond holds two strands of DNA together? (A) covalent bond (B) hydrogen bond (C) Van der Waals interaction (D) ionic bond (E) metallic bond

58. Transcription generates pre-mRNA and undergoes modification with 5'cap and 3' poly-A tail. Which of the following statements about the structure and function of these pre-mRNA alterations is NOT correct? (A) poly-A tails are usually consisting of 50-250 adenine (B) facilitate the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus (C) protect mRNA from hydrolytic degradation (D) help ribosomes attach to 3' end of mRNA in cytosol (E) none

59. Which of the following statements about sickle cell anemia is correct? a) hereditary disease, b) missense mutation of hemoglobin, c) carriers are afflicted by this disease, d) deleterious effects on kidney and brain, e) severe symptoms lead to death at the elderly population. (A) abc (B) abd (C) abcd (D) ade (E) abde

60. The RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) enable efficient genome engineering in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following statements about this system is correct? a) originally belong to the microbial adaptive immune system, b) RNA- guided Cas9 nuclease cleaves genetic elements, c) engages DNA repair system, d) a useful tool for specific gene knockdown, e) insertion or deletion usually leads to frameshift mutations. (A) abd (B) abcd (C) bde (D) abce (E) all

61. Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in regulating gene expression. Which of the following statements about noncoding RNA is correct? a) noncoding RNAs include microRNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, mRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs, b) noncoding RNAs can be translated into polypeptides, c) long noncoding transcript of XIST is essential for condensation of heterochromatin, d) microRNA-protein complexes recognize target mRNA and block its translation, e) piwi-interacting RNAs play an indispensable role in germ cells of animal species. (A) abc (B) bcd (C) bcde (D) acde (E) cde

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