52. Which of the following correctly describes the relationships between gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), autotrophic respiration (Ra), net ecosystem production (NEP) and total respiration of all organisms in the ecosystem (Rt)?
(A) NPP = GPP - Rt
(B) GPP = NPP - NEP
(C) Rt + Ra + NPP = GPP
(D) NPP = GPP - Ra
(E) GPP = NEP + Rh

48. Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. Researchers are hopeful that these cells would alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by ________. (A) preventing temporal lobe seizures (B) repairing sites of traumatic brain injury (C) replenishing missing ion channels (D) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine (E) changing in myelination of axons

49. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms act to limit hybridization and maintain the genetic identity of closely-related species. For sympatric corals that do synchronized spawning, what is the most likely isolation mechanism? (A) behavioral isolation (B) temporal isolation (C) habitat isolation (D) gametic isolation (E) hybrid breakdown

50. How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction? (A) by binding to the active site of the enzyme, thus preventing binding of the normal substrate (B) by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme (C) by decreasing the free-energy change of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme (D) by acting as a coenzyme for the reaction (E) by binding to the substrate, thus changing its shape so that it no longer binds to the active site of the enzyme .

51. Which of the following statements regarding insects is correct? (A) Incomplete metamorphosis have a pupal stage. (B) Metamorphosis from the larval stages to the adult occurs during pupal stage. (C) Insects are analids. (D) Book lung is a special organ in insects. (E) Insects are lophotrochozoa.

53. Which of the following statements regarding vertebrates is correct? (A) Chondrichthyans have operculum. (B) Amphibians are amniotes. (C) Marsupials have fully developed placenta. (D) Osteichthyans have swim bladders. (E) None of the above.

54. Which of the following descriptions regarding appetite control of animal is correct? (A) Ghrelin is produced by small intestine. (B) Leptin triggers the feelings of hunger. (C) Insulin suppresses appetite by acting on intestine directly. (D) PYY acts as appetite suppressant. (E) None of the above.

55. Which of the following statements regarding John Gurdon's experiments for nucleus transfer is correct? (A) Frog eggs were enucleated by laser treatment. (B) Donor nucleus from frog intestine cells cannot be developed into a tadpole. (C) Donor nucleus from less differentiated cells are less likely to be developed into a tadpole. (D) He concluded that the more differentiated cells may generate changes in the nucleus. (E) None of the above.

56. In bird, the sex chromosome presented in egg, rather than sperm, determines the gender of the offspring. Therefore, females are ZW while males are ZZ. Which of the following statements is correct? (A) W linked recessive mutation will never cause disease in males. (B) Z linked recessive mutation will only affect female offspring. (C) Unfertilized egg cells only carry Z chromosome. (D) Some sperm cells carry W chromosome. (E) None of the above.

57. Which of the following descriptions regarding circulatory system is correct? (A) The circulatory fluid in closed circulatory system is called hemolymph. (B) Blood in right ventricle will first deliver to aorta. (C) Sinoatrial node is located in left atrium. (D) Erythropoietin is produced from kidney. (E) Mammals employ positive pressure breathing.

58. Which of the following descriptions regarding neuronal disorders is correct? (A) Amyloid plaques are always observed in schizophrenia. (B) Additive substances such as alcohol affect the dopamine regulation in brain. (C) Dopamine can be used to treat Alzheimer patients. (D) Parkinson's patients lost their ability to recognize people. (E) Depression is a rare nervous system disorder.