52. Which of the following enzymes is required to make complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA?
(A) RNA replicase
(B) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
(C)Reverse transcriptase
(D) RNA ligase

53. What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? (A) Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction. (B) Tetrapods can now function with just lungs. (C)Newborns are much less dependent on their parents. (D) Embryos are protected from predators.

54. In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become__________. (A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses (B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum (C)the thickened portion of the uterine wall (D) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus

55. The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is____________. (A) endoderm ectoderm - mesoderm (B) mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm (C)ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm (D) ectoderm endoderm → mesoderm

56. A common feature of action potentials is that they (A) cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarize. (B) can undergo temporal and spatial summation. (C)are triggered by a depolarization that reaches threshold. (D) move at the same speed along all axons.

57. The following description about plants emitting volatile signals is incorrect. (A) Volatile signals may have evolved for intra-plant communication (B) Having defensive neighbors can enhance the emitter's fitness (C)Some volatiles are also inhibitory allelochemicals that reduce competition (D) Volatile hormones (ethylene) and possibly derivatives (jasmonate and salicylate) contribute to the systemic response

58. Most of the ATP supplies for a skeletal muscle undergoing one hour of sustained exercise come from_________. (A) creatine phosphate (B) glycolysis (C)substrate phosphorylation (D) oxidative phosphorylation

59. What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations? (A) Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions are unlikely. (B) The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion. (C)Genetic diversity reduces the probability of extinction. (D) Diseases and parasites are not spread between separated populations.

60. What, approximately, is the fraction of genetic variation in the nuclear genome is that is expected to have a harmful effect on gene function? (A) 50%. (B) 25%. (C)10%. (D) 1%.

61. Mutations are important because they bring about____________. (A) death of the organism in which they develop (B) genetic variation needed for a population to evolve (C)benefits for the individual, not for the population (D) Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium within a population

62. When organisms with disadvantageous traits die out early before much, if any reproduction, this is called? (A) speciation (B) macroevolution (C)gene flow (D) natural selection

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