54. An epitope associates with which part of an antibody?
(A) the antibody tail
(B) the antibody-binding site
(C) the variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined
(D) the light-chain constant regions only
(E) the heavy-chain constant regions only

55. Which of the following is not true about helper T cells? (A) They function in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. (B) They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules. (C) They bear surface CD4 molecules. (D) When activated, they secrete IL-2 and other cytokines.

56. The majority of water and salt filtered into Bownan's capsule is reabsorbed by (A)diffusion from the descending linnb of the loop of I lenle into the hyperosmotic interstitial fluid of the medulla. (B) active transport across the transport epithelium of the thick upper segment of the ascending linb of the loop of Henle. (C)selective secretion and diffusion across the distal tubule. (D) diffusion from the collecting duct into the increasing osmolic gradient of the renal medulla. (E) the transport epithelia of the proximal tububule.

57. Select the pair in which the witrogenous waste is incorrectly matched with the benelit of its excretion. (A) uric acid -mininal loss of water when excreted (B) uren-_very insoluble in water (C)uric acid_can be stored as as a precipitate (D)ammonia_very soluble in water (E) urea_low toxicity relative to ammonia

58. Which of the following correctly describes a case of osmoregulation? (A) secretion of drugs and reabsorption of nutrients by the proximal tubule (B) discharge of excess water in a hypoosmotic environment (C)excretion of salt in a hypoosmotic environment (D)expenditure of energy to convert ammonia to less toxic wastes (E) body fluids that are isoosmotic with the external environment

59. A distinctive feature of the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones and stercid hormones is that (A)targei cells react more rapidly these hormormones than to locallatorslin (B) these hormones affect metabolism. (C) these hormones are regulated by feedback loops. (D)these hormones bind to receptors inside cells. (E) these hormones bind with specific receptor proteins on target-cell plasma menibranes.

60. Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its action? (A)melatonin_affects biological rhythms, seasonal reproduction (B)oxytocin -stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth (C) thyroxine_stimulates metabolic processesses (D)insulin_stimulalates glycogen breakdown in the liver (E) ACTH-stimulates the rejease of glucocorticnids by the adrenal corlerrir

61. The main target organs for tropic hormones are (A)blood vessels. (B) endocrine glands. (C) muscles. (D) nerves. (E) kidneys.

62. Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis? (A) An egg develops without being fertilized. (B) An individual may change its sex during its lifetime. (C)Specialized groups of cells be relessed and grow into sew individualssia (D) An organism is first a male and then a female. (E) Both members of a mating pair have male and female reproductive organs.

63. Which of the following male and fenale structures are loest allone line (A) Leydig cells of testes...follicells of ovaries (B) testes_ovaries (C)seminiferous tubules_vagina (D)spermatogonia_oogonia (E) vas deferens-oviduct

64. Fertilization of human eggs most often takes place in the (A) vas deferens. (B) ovary. (C) vagina. (D) oviduct (fallopian tube). (E) uterus.

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