54. The "Holliday Model" describes a series of steps for homologous recombination. What is the correct term for the "crossed-strand intermediate" structure formed during this process?
(A) Replication Fork.
(B) Holliday Junction.
(C) DNA Bubble.
(D) Primosome.

55. Which enzyme in the ubiquitination pathway is primarily responsible for substrate specificity, ensuring that only selected proteins are targeted for proteasomal degradation? (A) E1 (Ubiquitin-activating enzyme) (B) E2 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) (C) E3 (Ubiquitin-protein ligase) (D) 26S proteasome 

56. Certain bacterial toxins and pharmacologic agents cause diarrhea without damaging the intestinal epithelium. This type of diarrhea is most commonly caused by: (A) Inhibition of potassium absorption (B) Increased Na+ –K + cotransport into enterocytes (C) Increased secretion of Na+ and Clinto the intestinal lumen (D) Increased potassium secretion in the colon

57. A postsynaptic neuron receives input from three neurons (X, Y, and Z). Simultaneous activation of X and Y results in an action potential. However, when X and Z are activated together, the membrane potential fails to reach the threshold and remains near the resting level. Given that X alone produces a subthreshold EPSP, what is the most likely nature of Y and Z? (A) Y is inhibitory; Z is excitatory. (B) Y is excitatory; Z is inhibitory. (C) Both Y and Z are excitatory. (D) Both Y and Z are inhibitory. 

58. During the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron, which ion movement is favored by both its concentration gradient and electrical gradient? (A) Potassium ions leaving the cell (B) Sodium ions entering the cell (C) Chloride ions leaving the cell (D) Potassium ions entering the cell

59. A patient presents with blurred vision, tachycardia, and dry skin after ingesting a plant alkaloid. Pupils are dilated. Which best explains these findings? (A) Activation of -adrenergic receptors (B) Blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (C) Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (D) Activation of nicotinic receptors (E) Excess epinephrine release

60. A cat tracks prey in a dimly lit environment. Which sequence represents the visual pathway? (A) Rod photoreceptors → Bipolar cells → Ganglion cells → Optic nerve → Lateral geniculate nucleus → Primary visual cortex (B) Cone photoreceptors → Bipolar cells → Ganglion cells → Optic nerve → Lateral geniculate nucleus → Primary visual cortex (C) Rod photoreceptors → Bipolar cells → Ganglion cells → Optic nerve → Superior colliculus → Visual cortex (D) Cone photoreceptors → Bipolar cells → Ganglion cells → Optic nerve → Pretectal area → Visual cortex (E) Rod photoreceptors → Ganglion cells → Bipolar cells → Optic nerve → Lateral geniculate nucleus → Visual cortex

61. Which type of cell helps in the transport of gas? Which enzyme is essential for establishing the chloride shift by reversible conversion of CO2 in peripheral tissues and the lung? (A) red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase (B) lymphocyte, carbonic anhydrase (C) red blood cells, catalase (D) lymphocyte, catalase

62. Obese patients are suffering from metabolic disorders. In recent years, Mounjaro, developed and manufactured by pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly, has shown promising efficacy for weight loss. The molecular mechanism of this drug mimics which hormone (s) action? (A) ghrelin (B) insulin (C) GIP and GLP-1 (D) leptin

63. Viagra is a drug used to treat patients with erectile dysfunction. Which of the following enzymes is the target of Viagra and prevents which molecule from depletion? (A) phosphodiesterase 5, cAMP (B) phosphodiesterase 5, cGMP (C) ribonuclease, cAMP (D) ribonuclease, cGMP

64. Formation of the vertebrate limb depends on specific inductive signals during the arrangement of tissues and organs. Which signaling molecule is associated with extra toes in humans? (A) BMP-4 (B) FGF (C) sonic hedgehog (D) Hox

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