56. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a protein that can be released by several types of cell. It plays an important part in the immune response. This protein binds to specific receptors on the surface of cell membranes stimulating chemical reactions inside the cell. As a result, a number of responses may occur that include inflammation and the stimulation of phagocytosis by macrophages. Antibodies to TNF are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. According to the text, why are antibodies to TNF used to treat rheumatoid arthritis? (A) They increase TNF-induced phagocytosis by macrophages. (B) They promote the release of TNF to strengthen the immune response. (C) They reduce inflammation caused by TNF activity. (D) They block TNF receptors on cell membranes. (E) They decrease the risk of bacterial infections in joints.

13. Suppose a person begins breathing very rapidly while resting (hyperventilating), which of the following best describes how homeostasis is restored? (A) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The frontal cortex detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (B) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The hypothalamus detects the change and decreases stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby reducing the breathing rate. (C) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The hypothalamus detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (D) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (E) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate.

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