60. The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was awarded to Dr. Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discovery of mechanisms for _______________.
(A) apoptosis
(B) mitochondrial fusion and fission
(C) vesicular transport
(D) signal transduction in the nervous system
(E) autophagy

56. Which plant group is NOT vascular plant? (A) Ginkgo (B) Mosses (C) Conifers (D) Angiosperms (E) Ferns

57. Which protein is NOT involved in the fusion and fission process of mitochondria? (A) COX (B) Drp1 (C) Opa1 (D) Mfn1 (E) Fis1

58. Olfactory receptors in mammals belong to _____________. (A) receptor tyrosine kinases (B) ion channels (C) G protein-coupled receptors (D) proton pumps (E) small GTPase

59. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. In the mid-1990s, researchers discovered an enzyme in HIV called protease. Once the enzyme's structure was known, researchers began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. If this strategy for stopping HIV infections were successful, it would be an example of what phenomenon? (A) allosteric regulation (B) competitive inhibition (C) vaccination (D) denaturation (E) synergistic effect

61. In replication, which of the followings is used for polymerization of both leading strand and lagging strand? (A) DNA ligase (B) DNA polymerase I (C) DNA polymerase III (D) Gyrase (E) DNA helicase

62. Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins. Which of the following statements are correct? ① FAD is derived from vitamin B6. ② Pyridoxal phosphate is derived from vitamin B1. ③ Coenzyme A is derived from pantothenic acid. ④ 5’-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is derived from vitamin B12. ⑤ NAD is derived from nicotinic acid. (A) ①②③ (B) ②③④ (C) ③④⑤ (D) ①④⑤ (E) ①③⑤ 

63. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is the precursor to the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Thiamine deficiency would decrease which one of the following enzyme activities? (A) Fumarase (B) Isocitrate dehydrogenase (C) Malate dehydrogenase (D) Succinate dehydrogenase (E) α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

64. Which one of the representations describes the oligopeptide shown below? (A) Tyr-Ala-Thr (B) Tyr-Ala-Ser (C) Phe-Ala-Thr (D) Phe-Gly-Cys (E) Phe-Ala-Tyr

65. Which of the following statements regarding Michaelis-Menten kinetic analyses of enzyme action are correct? ① The total enzyme concentration studied at each substrate concentration is fixed in analysis of enzyme kinetics. ② Formation of enzyme-substrate complex does not appreciably decrease the concentration of substrate. ③ cat reduces with competitive inhibition. ④ Maximal velocity is reached when the enzyme-substrate complex is equal to the total concentration of enzyme present. ⑤ The initial reaction velocity should be measured because most of the substrate has not been converted to product. (A) ①②③④ (B) ①②③⑤ (C) ①②④⑤ (D) ②③④⑤ (E) ①③④⑤

66. The high free energy change for the hydrolysis of a thiol ester, as found in acetyl-CoA, compared with that for the hydrolysis of a simple ester, is partly due to __________. (A) the greater resonance stability in a simple ester due to better π-electron overlap in a CO linkage than in a CS linkage (B) the gain in resonance energy in the product, acetate (C) the high value for the bond energy in S-C bond (D) reduction of the unfavorable electrostatic interaction in the acetyl-CoA (E) the high value for the bond energy in S-P bond