7. In a foliage leaf, the majority of photosynthesis occurs in the:
(A) upper epidermis.
(B) palisade parenchyma.
(C) bundle sheath parenchyma.
(D) spongy mesophyll.
(E) lower epidermis.

3. Concerning the interactions among organisms, which of the following term with its definition is NOT correct? (A) Neutralism: neither organism benefits or is harmed. (B) Mutualism: both organisms benefit. (C) Competition: both organisms harm each other. (D) Predation: one organism benefits by harming another. (E) Amensalism: one organism benefits whereas the other is neither harmed nor helped.

4. Oily seeds, such as peanuts, that store energy in fat molecules can convert that fat to the carbohydrates needed for growth in: (A) nuclei. (B) chloroplasts. (C) dictyosomes. (D) glyoxysomes. (E) peroxisomes.

5. Which of the following is the order of events in one cell cycle? (A) Interphase → prophase metaphase → anaphase → telophase (B) Prophase → metaphase → anaphase → telophase (C) Interphase → metaphase → anaphase → prophase → telophase (D) Prophase → metaphase → anaphase → interphase → telophase (E) Interphase → prophase → anaphase → telophase

6. Mature tracheary elements are unique in a plant because they: (A) have an elongated shape. (B) are alive and transport mainly sugars. (C) are alive and lack a nucleus. (D) have a primary wall only and are dead. (E) are dead and transport mainly water and minerals.

8. If a water molecule entered a mature root at the root surface, it would cross what tissues, in their correct order, on its way to the center? (A) Epidermis, endodermis, cortex, phloem, xylem (B) Epidermis, cortex, pericycle, endodermis, phloem, xylem (C) Cortex, endodermis, phloem, pericycle, xylem (D) Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, phloem, xylem (E) Endodermis, epidermis, cortex, pericycle, phloem, xylem

9. It is likely that asexual reproduction would be more advantageous to a species than sexual reproduction under what conditions? (A) A rare late spring frost (B) An unusually severe summer drought (C) A stable climate (D) Global warming (E) Introduction of a fungal disease

10. Many organisms are oogamous and produce: (A) small, motile sperm cells and large, nonmotile egg cells. (B) large, motile sperm cells and small, nonmotile egg cells. (C) sperm and egg cells that are the same size and are both motile. (D) small, motile sperm cells and large, motile egg cells. (E) small, nonmotile sperm cells and large, nonmotile egg cells.

11. To promote plant growth, lights called grow lights should produce light enriched in what wavelengths? (A) Red and green (B) Red and blue (C) Yellow and blue (D) Blue and violet (E) Orange and violet

12. Which of the following is NOT a difference between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis? (A) Function of the electron transport chain (B) Site of the process (C) Energy source for phosphorylation (D) General type of redox process (E) Role of O2

13. Water moves from the soil into the xylem of a root via: (A) diffusion. (B) diffusion and osmosis. (C) active transport. (D) membrane vesicles. (E) translocation.