7. Which of the following molecule is responsible for the generation of DAG and IP3 from PIP2?
(A) Adaptor protein.
(B) Phospholipase C
(C) TdT
(D) small G protein.
(E) Protein kinase C

8. Which of the following types of hypersensitivity reactions is IgE mediated? (A) Type I (B) Type V (C) Type IV (D) Type II (E) Type III

9. Which receptor binds to immunoglobulin E and mediates mast cell degranulation in type I bypersensitivity reactions? (A) Fc epsilon RI (FceRI (B) Complement receptor (C) Cluster of differentiation 5a (D) Peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) (E) T-cell antigen receptors

10. Which of the following cell activation sequences most accurately represents sensitization in type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? (A) B cells stimulate cytotoxic T cells to activate T helper 1 cells. (B) T helper 1 cells stimulate T helper 2 cells to activate class switching of B cells. (C) Dendritic cells stimulate T helper 2 cells to activate class switching of B cells. (D) Dendritic cells stimulate T helper 1 cells which activate cytotoxic T cells. (E) cytotoxic T cells stimulate T helper 2 cells to activate class switching of B cells.

11. What is molecular mimicry? (A) Destruction of healthy tissue cells because they resemble damaged tissue cells (B) A similarity of structures or sequences between self and foreign antigens, leading to autoimmunity (C) Inability to clear antigens that are deposited in damaged tissues, leading to tissue destruction (D) Autoimmune complexes that mimic antigens and deposit in lymphocytes (E) A B-cell-mediated reaction which results in the production of identical autoantibodies

12. Autoantibodies against which of the following proteins are most implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? (A) Acetylcholine receptor (B) Calcium channel (C) Glycoproteins 120 (D) Myeloperoxidase (E) Myelin protein

13. Which of the following diseases is an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction? (A) Asthma (B) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (C) Contact dermatitis (D) Rheumatoid arthritis (E) Multiple sclerosis

14. Which of the following statements regarding the pathogenesis of a type IIl bypersensitivity reaction? (A) The release of vasoactive amines and cytokines from mast cells. (B) Cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (C) Autophagy. (D) Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. (E) The deposition of immune complexes in tissues and small blood vessels.

15. What is immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells? (A) Modification of T cells to proliferate at a higher rate (B) Modification of T cells to recognize and avoid destruction of host cells (C) Modification of T cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells more effectively (D) Modification of T cells to stimulate B-cell antibody production (E) Modification of T cells to resist apoptosis

16. The stages of B-cell development occur in the chronological order. The stages involved during the development include a, b, c, d, e stages as follows. a, early pro-B cell b. large pre-B cell c. immature B cell d. late pro-B cell e. small pre-B cellWhich order is CORRECT? (A) a→b→c→d→e (B)ab-d→e→c (C) a→e→b→d→c (D) a→d→b→e→c (E)a→d→e→b→c

17, A single IgG antibody is composed of unique peptide sequences totaling ~600 700 amino acids. Using this estimate, the predicted molecular weight of an antibody protein would be ~70-75 kDa. However, an intact antibody protein has a molecular weight of ~150 kDa. Which statement is CORRECT? (A) IgG antibodies are produced as dimers of two identical IgG monomers. (B) Each IgG antibody is a complex of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains. (C) IgG antibodies tend to aggregate together during purification, thereby distorting molecular weight estimates. (D) Each IgG antibody is a complex of four identical polypeptides. (E) IgG antibodies have many heavier amino acids in them than most other proteins.

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