78. Which of the following is lensi likely to involve cognition?
(A) being aware of your neighbor's lawn care
(B) positive rheotaxis of a fish in a current
(C) optimal foraging
(D) territoriality
(E) navigation of a sparrow during seasonal migration

79. A uniform dispersion pattern for a population may indicate that (A) the population is spreading out and increasing its range. (B) resources are heterogeneously distributed. (C) the density of the population is low. (D) individuals of the population are competing for some resource, such as water and minerals for plants or nesting sites for animals. (E) there is an absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals.

80. Which life history strategy would be favored by natural selection if survival of offspring is quite low and unpredictable? (A) big-bang reproduction, or semelparity (B) repeated reproduction, or iteroparity (C) very early age of first reproduction (D) production of a large number of large eggs and a great deal of parental care (E) relatively late age of first reproduction

81. All these descriptions are characteristic of human populations in industrialized countries except (A) relatively small family size. (B) Type I survivorship curve. (C) r-selected life history. (D) several potential reproductions per lifetime. (E) relatively even age structure.

82. According to the concept of competitive exclusion, (A) two species cannot coexist in the same habitat. (B) competition within a population results in the success of the best-adapted individuals. (C) two species cannot share the exact same niche in a community. (D) extinction or emigration are the only possible results of competitive interactions. (E) resource partitioning will allow a species to utilize all the resources of its niche.

83. An example of cryptic coloration is the (A) green color of a plant. (B) mottled coloring of moths that rest on lichens. (C) bright colors of an insect-pollinated flower. (D) bright markings of a poisonous tropical frog. (E) stripes of a skunk.

84. According to the hypothesis of island biogeography, species richness would be greatest on an island that is (A) large and remote. (B) small and close to a mainland. (C) environmentally homogeneous. (D) small and remote. (E) large and close to a mainland.

85. Which of the following organisms is incorrectly paired with its trophic level? (A) cyanobacteria-primary producer (B) eagle tertiary consumer (C) fungi detritivore (D) zooplankton secondary consumer (E) grasshopper-primary consumer

86. The recent increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is mainly a result of an increase in(A) the burning of fossil fuels and wood.(B) cellular respiration by the exploding human population.(C) the biosphere's biomass.(D) the absorption of infrared radiation escaping from Earth.(E) primary production.

87. Quantities of mineral nutrients in soils of tropical rain forests are relatively low because (A) the decomposition of organic refuse and reassimilation of chemicals by plants occur rapidly. (B) nutrient cycles occur at a relatively slow rate in tropical soils. (C) the standing crop is small. (D) microorganisms that recycle chemicals are not very abundant in tropical soils. (E) the high temperatures destroy the nutrients.

88. The application of ecological principles to return a degraded ecosystem to its natural state is specifically characteristic of (A) landscape ecology. (B) restoration ecology. (C) resource conservation. (D) conservation ecology. (E) population viability analysis.

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