8. Exchange of genetic material between cells by direct cell-to-cell contact is called:
(A) conjugation.
(B) injection.
(C) infection.
(D) transformation.
(E) transduction.

1. Which chemical bonds contribute to the thermodynamic stability of the DNA double helix and the specificity of base pairing? (A) Covalent bonds. (B) Van der Waals bonds. (C) Hydrogen bonds. (D) Ionic bonds. (E) Hydrophobic bonds.

2. Which process takes place during the anaphase of mitosis? (A) Bivalent attachment. (B) Condensation of chromosomes. (C) Cytokinesis. (D) Proteolysis of cohesion. (E) Re-formation of nuclear envelope.

3. Which of the following statements is correct regarding DNA replication? (A) Okazaki fragments are formed on the leading strand. (B) Initiation of DNA synthesis requires an RNA primer. (C) DNA helicases remove supercoils at the replication fork. (D) DNA polymerase I mainly functions in prokaryotic DNA replication. (E) DNA ligases stabilize the separated strands.

複選題4. During DNA replication, the ssDNA-binding proteins (SSBs): (A) are typically found more on the leading strand than on the lagging strand. (B) prevent the folding of the single-stranded DNA. (C) cover the bases to prevent base-pairing. (D) interact with ssDNA in a sequence-dependent manner. (E) form a lot of hydrogen bonds with the phosphate backbone.

5. Which histone is NOT a component of nucleosome core particle? (A) H1. (B) H2A. (C) H2B. (D) H3. (E) H4.

6. Which kind of DNA damage occurs most frequently under normal physiological conditions? (A) Alkylation. (B) Acetylation. (C) Methylation. (D) Deamination. (E) Formation of thymine dimer.

7. Which statement is correct regarding the function of the enzyme involved in the RecBCD pathway in Escherichia coli? (A) RecBCD recognizes Holliday junctions. (B) RuvC induces double-strand breaks. (C) RecA facilitates strand invasion. (D) Rad51 catalyzes the resolution of Holliday junctions. (E) RuvAB generates single strands for invasion.

9. Which eukaryotic RNA polymerase transcribes tRNA genes? (A) RNA polymerase I. (B) RNA polymerase II. (C) RNA polymerase III. (D) RNA polymerase IV. (E) RNA polymerase V.

10. Which of the following types of noncoding RNA mainly functions in the processing and chemical modification of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)? (A) Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). (B) Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). (C) Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). (D) Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). (E) Small rDNA-derived RNAs (srRNAs).

11. How does Rho-independent termination work? (A) RNA polymerase recognizes an RNA element (rut site) and stops transcription. (B) RNA forms a stem-loop structure that disrupts the elongation complex. (C) A poly-A signal sequence recruits poly-A polymerase and signals termination. (D) A repressor facilitates detachment of RNA polymerase from the RNA-DNA duplex. (E) RNase H hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bonds of RNA in the RNA-DNA duplex.

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