8. Which of the following effects may be mediated by transposable elements?
(A) Insertion into a gene, causing a mutation.
(B) Activation of nearby genes.
(C) Formation of genetic deletions.
(D) All of the above.

4. Which of the following statements about the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is false? (A) PCR is a technique to make many copies of a specific DNA fragment in vitro. (B) PCR requires one primer designed specifically for the DNA region of interest. (C) PCR relies on a thermostable DNA polymerase, Taq polymerase. (D) PCR is routinely used in DNA cloning, medical diagnostics, and forensic analysis of DNA.

5. The transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules in one cell or a population of cells. Which of the following methods can be used for transcriptome analysis? (A) DNA microarray. (B) RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). (C) Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). (D) All of the above.

6. When bound to DNA, repressor proteins usually prevent attachment of RNA polymerase to the _____.(A) operon. (B) operator. (C) promoter. (D) regulator.

7. _____ molecules deliver amino acids to ribosomes during translation. (A) Messenger RNA (mRNA). (B) Transfer RNA (tRNA). (C) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). (D) Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).

9. ORF refers to (A) the location of the start site of transcription. (B) the region of a gene that codes for a protein or a functional RNA product. (C) the region of a gene that serves as the promoter. (D) the region between the ribosome binding site and translation initiation codon.

10. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (A) separates proteins based on their isoelectric pH. (B) separates proteins based on their size. (C) can be used to resolve thousands of proteins in a complex mixture. (D) All of the above

11. A reciprocal exchange in which a pair of DNA with the same nucleotide sequence break and rejoin in a crossover is called _____ recombination. (A) homologous (B) site-specific (C) replicative (D) None of the above

12. In order to express eukaryotic genes in a bacterium, the _____ must first be removed. (A) introns (B) exons (C) enhancers (D) 3' poly （Ａ） sequence

13. What is one statement that would support the theory that all organisms are related? (A) The genetic code is almost universal. (B) Eukaryotes have mitochondria. (C) All organisms have nuclei. (D) Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes.

14. Which one of the following is not an element found in DNA? (A) Oxygen. (B) Sulfer. (C) Nitrogen. (D) Phosphate.