8. ________ is also as club fungus.
(A) Ascomycetes
(B) Basidiomycetes
(C) Mucoromycetes
(D) Chytrids
(E) Zoopagomycetes

9. The scientific name of a species consists of ________. (A) a minimum of three descriptive adjectives (B) the capitalized family name and genus name (C) the capitalized phylum name and a specific epithet (D) the capitalized genus name and a specific epithet (E) the capitalized species name and subspecies name

10. In the human renal system, ________ ion (or molecule) concentration in the blood is regulated by secretion into the distal tubule. (A) Na+ (B) K+ (C) Cl- (D) HCO3- (E) H2O

11. Based on the Human Genome Project (HGP), which category of regions exists the smallest amount of our total DNA? (A) Repetitive DNA that includes transposable elements and related sequences (B) Repetitive DNA unrelated to transposable elements (C) Unique noncoding DNA (D) Exons that include regions of genes coding for proteins (E) Introns and regulatory sequences

12. The primary reason that polar regions are cooler than the equator is that ________. (A) the polar atmosphere is thinner and contains less greenhouse gases than the rest of the atmosphere (B) the poles are always pointing away from the sun (C) solar radiation strikes the poles at a lower angle and travels through more atmosphere (D) the poles are farther from the sun than is the equator (E) all of the above

13. Which one of the following statements is FALSE about temperate phage? (A) Bacteriophages can undergo lytic pathway in their life cycle. (B) Phage DNA is incorporated into the bacterial chromosomes. (C) Certain prophage gene expression causes host bacteria pathogenic. (D) λ phage is a temperate phage. (E) Temperate phage never destroys host cells.

14. The hypothesis of endosymbiosis proposes that which kind of organelles in human cells were formerly small prokaryotes? (A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondria (C) Lysosome (D) Golgi apparatus (E) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

15. In the human digestive system, which tissue (or organ) does NOT exist in exocrine glands? (A) Salivary glands (B) Stomach (C) Gallbladder (D) Liver (E) Small intestine

16. What following pairs have the lowest dissociation constant? (A) Enzyme and substrate (B) Typical receptor and ligand interaction (C) Antibody and antigen (D) Sequence-specific protein and DNA (E) Biotin and avidin

17. What difference(s) is there between cellulose and chitin? (A) N-acetyl moiety (B) α1→4 and β1→4 linkages (C) α1→4 and α1→3 linkages (D) Galactose and glucose moiety (E) α1→4 and α1→6 linkages

18. What is the precursor of long-chain fatty acids? (A) Linoleate (B) α-Linolenate (C) Oleate (D) Stearate (E) Palmitate

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