9. All of the following are essential nutrients in humans except:
(A) vitamin B.
(B) calcium.
(C) glycogen.
(D) linoleic acid.
(E) vitamin K.

10. Which of the following is true soon after a meal? (A) Both glucagon and insulin are released. (B) The total amount of insulin in the blood decreases. (C) Glucagon is released but not insulin. (D) Neither glucagon nor insulin is released. (E) Insulin is released but not glucagon.

11. Ovulation is the response of the matured fbllicle(s) to a burst secretion of (A) estrogen. (B)luteinizing hormone. (C) progesterone. (D) prolactin. (E) oxytocin.

12. The perception of die sound pitch is mediated by (A) tiie generation of the waves in the cochlear fluid by the specific corresponding region of the oval window. (B) the vibration of the specific conesponding part on the tympanic membrane. (C) the vibration of the specific corresponding region on the basilar membrane. (D) the sequence of sound wave traveling through the auditory ossicles. (E) the music training of listeners.

13. The midpiece of a sperm cell is to (A) fuse with the jelly coat of the egg cell. (B) carry the sperm，s nucleus. (C) carry the sperm's acrosomal material. (D) generate fbe! that propels die sperm. (E) carry enzymes that are released to form a hole in the egg's jelly coat when tiie sperm encounters an egg.

14. A fish hobbyist needs to replace a certain amount of water in tiieir Ssh tanks periodically, mainly because (A) the accumulation of ammonia. (B) tiie accumulation of dirt. (C) the reduction of oxygen. (D) the increase in temperature. (E) the increase in pH.

16. An enzyme that breaks DNA, dispels the tension, and reseais the strand ahead of a DNA replication growing fork is called a(n) (A) topoisomerase. (B) DNA polymerase. (C) phosphodi^terase. (D) aminoacyl-tRNA synthrtase. (E) All of the above.

17. One distinction between peptide and steroid hormones is that steroid hormones: (A) bind to their receptors wMi low affinity, whereas peptide hormones bind with high affinity. (B) bind to intracellular receptors, whereas peptide hormones bind to cell surfoce receptors. (C) are less stable than peptide hormones. (D) are generally water-soluble, whereas peptide hormones are water-insoluble. (E) act through specific receptors, whereas peptide hormones act through nonspecific receptors.

18. Iron deficiency in a cell can advereely affect electron transport at which of the following sites: (A) Cytochrome b and cytochrome c. (B) Coenzyme Q andFADH2. (C) NADHandFADH2. (D) Coenzyme Q and NADH. (E) All sites in electron transport are affected.

19. Which of the following hormones affects the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and ultimately results in an inhibition of nutrient intake? (A) adiponectin (B) leptin (C) ghrelin (D) glucagon (E) None of the above

20. Which one of the following amino acids is critical for glutathione to function as a redox buffer in cells? (A) glycine (B) methionine (C) glutamine (D) glutamate (E) cysteine

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