9. Providing legal services voluntarily and without charge for the public good is called:
(A) Bona fide
(B) Pro bono
(C) Sine qua non
(D) Ad hoc

10. New technology that seeks to improve and automate the delivery and use of financial services is: (A) PayPal (B) Fintech (C) Hackathon (D) Telethon Part II : Please read the following paragraph and find the best answer to Questions 11 to 15. (3% for each question) Had Americans become litigious, particularly after the Second World War? Some facts and figures show an increase in litigation rates: certain kinds of cases had increased rapidly in the latter half of the last century, while others were in decline. Changes in the law can affect litigation rates and account for the discrepancy. For instance, title insurance and other factors have made cases about land ownership less common. Federal deposit insurance and other measures that stabilize money and banking have all but eliminated whole classes of cases that once clogged the courts. Federal litigation rates have risen dramatically in the course of the century. Civil rights laws give people chances to litigate questions they could not have gone to court with before. However, we should not focus solely on the sheer numbers. The discussion often drowns out voices that express the opposite complaint: the system is too expensive, too formal, and too biased to serve the interests of ordinary people—like (blank), rotten, fishy, and usually only the rich can afford it. This idea spurred the creation of a legal services component in Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty and fueled the movement for alternative dispute resolution, or ADR.

11. Which of the following is the best title for this paragraph? (A) Professional Training for Litigation (B) The Socalled Litigation Explosion (C) The Rise and Fall of Legal Aid (D) Litigation in a Fastchanging Society

12. Which of the following best fits the blank in the paragraph? (A) Canned tuna (B) Caviar (C) Sweet corn soup (D) Cannoli

13. By litigious (first line) the author means: (A) Showing high proficiency as a legal practitioner (B) Paying a high price in exchange for legal services (C) Willing to engage in lawsuits (D) Competitive when making legal arguments

14. What is the view of the author regarding the phenomenon that is described in this paragraph? (A) The author is critical of the phenomenon and thinks it is evil because it clogs the courts and only makes lawyers rich. (B) The author thinks the phenomenon is natural because an intellectual movement was taking place at law schools. (C) The author thinks the phenomenon is evil because it is manipulated by lawyers and legislators. (D) The author does not think the phenomenon is good or evil and highlights how the legal system has driven away people who need it.

15. Which of the following is not one type of alternative dispute resolution (ADR)? (A) Mediation (B) Arbitration (C) Tribunal (D) Negotiation Part III : Please read the following paragraphs and find the best answer to Questions 16 to 20. (3% for each question) In 2023, the United Kingdom's highest court found that Rwanda is not a safe third country for the government to send asylum seekers. In a unanimous judgment, the Supreme Court agreed with the Court of Appeal that there are substantial grounds for believing that asylum seekers removed to Rwanda would face a real risk of being returned to their home country where they could face illtreatment, known as refoulement. This would put the UK in breach of its obligations of nonrefoulement under international and domestic law. Regarding the UK's obligations under international law, the Court states that: "Under international law, states have the right to control the entry, residence and expulsion of aliens, and to counter attempts to circumvent immigration restrictions, subject to their treaty obligations and to any relevant principles of customary international law. One limitation of the right to expel aliens is the principle of nonrefoulement, which is enshrined in several international treaties which the United Kingdom has ratified. As will appear, the term bears slightly different meanings in different contexts. The Refugee Convention, which has 146 states parties including the United Kingdom, provides in article 33(1) [...] The United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 1984 ("UNCAT"), which has 173 states parties including the United Kingdom, provides in article 3(1) [...] The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966 ("ICCPR"), also with 173 states parties including the United Kingdom, is interpreted by the United Nations Human Rights Committee, which monitors implementation of the Covenant, as imposing a similar obligation [...]. It may be that the principle of nonrefoulement also forms part of customary international law.[...]"

16. Which of the following best describes a unanimous judgment: (A) A legal order issued by the Supreme Court for an appellate court. (B) A ruling made by a court that is presided over by a single judge. (C) A resolution reached with legal representatives of the parties involved. (D) A decision reached by all members of a court.

17. According to the text, which of the following statements about refoulement is false: (A) Some international conventions explicitly prohibit refoulement. (B) The doctrine of nonrefoulement is part of customary international law. (C) In principle, states have the power to expel unwanted aliens. (D) To this date, refoulement is only legally permissible if the destination is in Africa.

18. What does the term enshrine mean in the context of the text? (A) Codified (B) Enforced (C) Praised and encouraged (D) Criticized

19. When a covenant imposes an obligation on a state or a person: (A) It is optional for a state or a person to follow what is ordered by the covenant. (B) States have the discretion whether they will fulfill the obligation or not, but a person does not. (C) The state or person is legally bound to fulfill the obligation. (D) The covenant becomes void and unenforceable.

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