(b) \((4\%)\) What is the substitution effect of this reduction in price?

(c) \((4\%)\) What is the compensating variation of this reduction in price?

3. Pricing Strategy of a Monopoly (26%) Planet Gym is the only gym in town. Providing a session of workout to a customer is at a marginal cost of $c$. This marginal cost is perfect information. The gym is large enough so that even in peak hours there is no externality between the customers.¹ Planet Gym has two forms of feasible pricing strategies. It can set a uniform price per session for all customers with free entrance, or it can set a two-part tariff with a membership fee and a price per session conditional on paying the membership fee. The market demand of gym session at price $p$ per session is $q = \Delta - \delta \cdot p$. The market demand is perfect information. To guarantee existence of an equilibrium, assume that $\Delta > \delta \cdot c$. 3-1. Uniform Price per Session (10%) Suppose in this part of the question that the Planet Gym takes a simple pricing strategy: to set a uniform price per session. Given this form of pricing strategy, it maximizes its profit. Please find Planet Gym's supply of gym sessions. Please accompany your answer with a consistent figure (graph).

3-2. Two-Part Tariff (10%) Suppose in this part of the question that the Planet Gym adopts a two-part tariff: to set a membership fee and a price per session for customers who have paid the membership fee. The membership fee is required for entrance. Given this form of pricing strategy, the Planet Gym maximizes its profit. Please find the optimal membership fee, the optimal price per session, and the equilibrium gym sessions traded. Please accompany the above answers with a consistent figure (graph).

3-3. The Optimal Pricing Strategy (6%) From what you have found in 3-1 and 3-2, what is the optimal pricing strategy for the Planet Gym? Is the optimal pricing strategy efficient from the social perspective? Is the optimal pricing strategy also the best for the customers? Briefly explain. ¹ This assumption might not be realistic, but it allows us to focus on what we are really interested to analyze. 4. A cost-minimizing firm has the production function $Q(L, K) = KL + K + L$. Suppose that the price of labor services ($L$) is 1, and let $r$ denote the price of capital services ($K$). If the firm aims to produce 20 units of output, for what values of $r$ would the firm use (9%) (a) \((3\%)\) only labor?

(b) \((3\%)\) only capital?

(c) \((3\%)\) both labor and capital?

5. A price-taking firm in a perfectly competitive market uses three factors of production: labor ($L$), capital ($K$), and material ($K$). The firm's faces the production function $Q(L, K, M) = L^{\alpha} K^{\beta} M^{\gamma}$ with $\alpha, \beta, \gamma > 0$. (15%) (a) \((3\%)\) For what condition (in terms of \(\alpha, \beta, \gamma\)) would this production function exhibit constant returns to scale?

(b) \((6\%)\) Show that the total value created by the firm under constant returns to scale is the exact sum of the values created by each factor's marginal productivity.

(c) \((6\%)\) Explain the economic intuition behind the previous result.

6. Human Right Protection (24%) Human right protection in Taiwan is enforced by the judicial system (e.g. the Constitution and the Constitutional Court). This is due to the non-exclusive and non-rival properties of the public goods. Let's take a game theoretic approach to analyze the provision of human right protection There are $n \ge 2$ citizens in the society. Each of them, indexed by $i = 1, 2, \dots, n$, can freely decide to provide human right protection of level $ri$ as any real number within zero and one (that is, $0 \le ri \le 1$ from each citizen $i$). Human right protection of level $ri$ is at a linear cost of $c(ri) = c \cdot ri$ to the provider, with $c > 0$. If multiple people provide different levels of human right protection, the actual level everyone in the society enjoys is the maximum among them. Denote this actual level of human right protection in the society as $r$, and $r = \max\{ri\}$ (that is, $r$ equals to the highest level of human right protection among all providers).$^2$ Human right protection is a public good in the sense that if level $r$ is provided, every citizen enjoys a positive utility from it. Among the citizens, a proportion $m > 0$ of them highly value human right protection, and they earn utility $uh \cdot r$ from human right protection of level $r$. Among the citizens, a proportion $1 - m > 0$ of them slightly value human right protection, and they earn utility $ul \cdot r$ from human right protection of level $r$. Suppose that $uh > c > ul > 0$ and $n \cdot u_l > c$. The utility of human right and the cost of provision for each citizen are perfect information. There is no other externality. Please find the Nash equilibrium level of human right protection by explaining the following: (a) Show free-riding incentive: if some citizens provide human right protection, each citizen except the one providing the maximum level of human right protection has incentive to unilaterally deviate to provide zero human right protection, regardless of her value on human right protection.

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