二、PRE-SHIPMENT SURVEYS Pre-shipment surveys are inspections of the cargo or the compartment where it will be stowed before loading. The intention of the survey will vary depending on who calls for it. Shipowners and their P&I clubs will call for pre-shipment surveys where they know that large cargo claims are likely to arise. The intention of the survey is then to make sure that the exact condition of the cargo on loading is specified on the bills of lading, and that due care has been taken in preparing the ship for the cargo. They can then more easily refute damage claims. Underwriters for the cargo may call for a warranty survey when high value cargo is to be shipped.（20 分）

三、HULL INSPECTION The surveyor should inspect all accessible parts of the hull and if he has any doubts about the sections he cannot reach, he should arrange for a ladder or a mechanical hoist so that these areas can be properly inspected. If the vessel is over ten years old, it may also be beneficial to do ultra sound thickness tests on portions of the deck to verify the plate thickness. Areas that should be inspected include: a. External and internal shell plating (where visible) b. Decks, deck houses, superstructures and bulwarks/rails c. Hatch coaming, hatches (including seals and securing devices) d. Hold ladders, gangways and catwalks e. Hold and deck lighting f. All pipes (above and below deck) g. Ventilators, manholes and watertight doors h. All holds/cargo tanks paying particular attention to beams and frames, bulkheads i. Tanktops j. Bilges and bilge suctions k. Double bottoms and peak tanks （20 分）

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