問題3:內文有提到VESSELTECHNICALMANAGERS或是VESSELMANAGERS所指為何人或哪一個窗口?

一、以下英文文字請做中文翻譯(注意:內容如果有相關專業英文部分翻譯不專業,將加重扣分) The term "defensive navigation" is a relatively new addition to the marine vocabulary and is a technique that can be used to good effect by HSC. The intention is that a mariner will use skills and knowledge to remove the risk of close quarters situations and possible collisions inadvance. This is achieved by taking proactive action during the development of potentially hazardous situation. All watchkeepers must remain vigilant and be able to anticipate the expected actions of other vessels in the vicinity. They must also be aware of and be prepared for unexpected actions or unusual navigation practices that may occur. These may be due to other vessels failing to keep a proper lookout or not complying with COLREGs, as well as unexpected equipment breakdowns. Such events may require own ship to take quick avoiding action at short notice. If very small safety margins are allowed, a serious situation can develop very rapidly. Reaction times can be greatly assisted by larger safety margins. This is particularly important in an overtaking situation, where there is a relatively small difference in the vessel's speeds. There may be frequent occasions when HSC are involved in crossing situations where they are the stand-on vessel for a larger and less maneuverable vessel. The angle of approach with the give-way vessel will be broader on the starboard bow than is usual for a slower vessel. Bytaking early positive action, which is clearly apparent, before the risk of a collision actually exists, there is no contravention of the COLREGs. In this situation, an alteration of course to give a larger CPA would be most seamanlike solution to avert the risk of a collision. By navigation defensively, watchkeepers, while following the COLREGs never rely completely on the actions of other vessels. At all times they maintain an appropriate safety distance from other vessels and by correctly monitoring and assessing the risk of a collision they stay aware of developing situations. Watchkeepers should at all times remainalert and take avoiding action, avoiding actions early. This might be an alteration of course or an adjustment to speed. In the interests of selfprotection, avoiding action should be taken before a situation can deteriorate to one where available option are limited. Properly executed defensive navigation techniques should remove the need resort to VHF conversations about intentions.

問題3:內文有提到VESSELTECHNICALMANAGERS或是VESSELMANAGERS所指為何人或哪一個窗口?

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