四、 試述維生素 E 在抗氧化上真正的作用機制為何？(15 分)

五、 人類、靈長類及天竺鼠體內無法自行合成抗壞血酸，請說明 其無法合成抗壞血酸之原因？(15 分)

一、名詞釋義(每小題 5 分，共 20 分) 1. organum

2. ritornello form

3.花雅之爭

4.《碣石調幽蘭》

二、17 世紀末，“fugue”逐漸用來專門指稱模仿對位類的樂曲，具有 特定的曲式。請論述這個樂種的發展過程及其結構法則。 (20 分)

三、請說明十八世紀中期義大利歌劇改革的理念，同時闡述其代 表人物 Christoph Willibald Gluck 的創作特色，並以實際曲目 例證。(20 分)

四、浪漫時期的音樂與文學關係密切，因此自 1800 年起，德文藝 術歌曲(lied, lieder)的創作蔚為風潮，其中以 Franz Schubert 的作品最具代表性。請從歌詞、曲式、旋律、伴奏及和聲等 不同面向來闡釋 Schubert 藝術歌曲的風格，並以兩首歌曲來 實際例證。(20 分)

五、宋代的說唱音樂發展出許多不同的形式，請解釋以下幾種說 唱形式有何不同？鼓子詞／諸宮調／唱賺／貨郎兒(20 分)

I. Summary Writing (50%) Write a summary of about 150-180 words in English for the following article. Critics say that current voting systems used in the United States are inefficient and often lead to the inaccurate counting of votes. Miscounts can be especially damaging if an election is closely contested. Those critics would like the traditional systems to be replaced with far more efficient and trustworthy computerized voting systems. In traditional voting, one major source of inaccuracy is that people accidentally vote for the wrong candidate. Voters usually have to find the name of their candidate on a large sheet of paper containing many names—the ballot—and make a small mark next to that name. People with poor eyesight can easily mark the wrong name. The computerized voting machines have an easy-to-use touch-screen technology: to cast a vote, a voter needs only to touch the candidate’s name on the screen to record a vote for that candidate; voters can even have the computer magnify the name for easier viewing. Another major problem with old voting systems is that they rely heavily on people to count the votes. Officials must often count up the votes one by one, going through every ballot and recording the vote. Since they have to deal with thousands of ballots, it is almost inevitable that they will make mistakes. If an error is detected, a long and expensive recount has to take place. In contrast, computerized systems remove the possibility of human error, since all the vote counting is done quickly and automatically by the computers. Finally some people say it is too risky to implement complicated voting technology nationwide. But without giving it a thought, governments and individuals alike trust other complex computer technology every day to be perfectly accurate in banking transactions as well as in the communication of highly sensitive information.

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