申論題

1.Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese (25%)
 Life on Earth has existed for over 3.5 billion years and has caused fundamental changes in Earth's biogeochemistry. However, the timing and impact of major events in the evolution of the biosphere are hotly contested, owing partially to the inherent difficulty in studying events that occurred in deep time. We discuss the evolving structure of Earth's biosphere and major changes in its capacity to alter geochemnical cycles. We describe evidence that oxygenic photosynthesis evolved relatively early, but contend that marine primary productivity was low, surface oxygen was scarce and marine anoxia was prevalent for the majority of Earh's history. Furthermore, we argue that terrestrial primary productivity was a substantial mode of biological carbon fixation following the widespread emergence of continental land masses, even before the rise of land plants, impacting carbon cycling on a global scale. (Adapted from Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2021)