3.Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese (25%)
 One of the main bottlenecks in the biosynthesis of natural products is limited enzyme activity. Integrating heterologous enzymes into microbial chassis may decrease their catalytic activities or even result in loss of function. Enhancing enzyme activity to accelerate production processes is a major goal in this area. Improving the catalytic activity of enzymes towards specific substrates through random mutagenesis is a typical strategy used in protein engincering. A yeast-active tyrosine hydroxylase was identified and randomly mutated by error-prone PCR to improve its catalytic activity by 4.3-fold. Further coexpression of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) decarboxylase and the engineered tyrosine hydroxylase enabled de novo dopamine production in yeast. Similarly, the catalytic activity of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was enhanced by 2.53-fold through PCR-based random mutagenesis. The IDI with enhanced activity resulted in a 2.1-fold increase in lycopene titer (1.24 g/l) compared with the wild type. (Adapted from Trends in Biotechnology,2020)

4.Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese (25%) Ofloxacin (OFLX), an antibacterial drug that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class, has been widely used in the veterinary industry to treat and prevent various infectious diseases. Residues of drugs that enter the food chain and environment present various potential dangers to human health because they can lead to toxic effects, antibody-resistant strains of bacteria, and allergic reactions. For this reason, OFLX should be strictly monitored and controlled. In recent years, govem nmental agencies have set limitations on the acceptable levels of OFLX residues. Several traditional methods for the detection of OFLX residues, such as spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and microbiological assay, are well-proven and widely accepted, but these methods are often viewed as laborious and time intensive for sample pretreatment. Moreover, implementation of these methods involves a significant investment in equipment. Immunoassays, which are based on antigen-antibody interactions, can avoid the drawbacks of chromatographic techniques and present high specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity. Moreover, immunoassays can be implemented at a low cost in a high-throughput configuration and are suitable for performing on-site analyses. This technique has been su uccessfully developed to detect toxic compounds with low molecular weights, including pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, environmental hormones, toxins, and prohibited food additives. (Adapted from Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016)

1.請說明"plantbiostimulant"1)定義,2)"plangoth regulator”之異同,以及3)列舉3項plantbiotimul並說明其 理功能。(10分)

2.請說明園藝作物栽培上“chillinginjury”1)發生的兩個重要關鍵, 2)形成之分子機制,以及3)列舉3項在栽培生過程中可減少 chilling injury 的方式。(10分)

3.請說明氮元素1)在土壤中的形式化與植物吸收效率之相關性, 以及2)土壤溫度、水分、及酸鹼值對前項關係之影響。(10分)

4.請繪圖區分生長於高光環境及低光環境下的同一種植物,葉片光 合作用光反應曲線上,darkrespirio ightcompensio point,以及light andCO2limitation上之差異。(10分)

5.請說明"transpiration"guttation"1)發生時植物之水勢特徵,2) 兩者之相關性,以及3)兩者與root prsure關係。(10分)

6.請詳述與土壤或栽培介質有關的各項水分參數,並說明該等參數對園藝作物生長的影響及其與生產灌溉決策之關聯。(15分)

7.請說明蘭科植物post-pollinatiophnomena(15分)

8.試述量測植物光合作用參數的各種非破壞性方法,並詳述其原理。(20分)

1. What are the main properties of stem cells? (10 分)

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