申論題

Please refer to the following paper for question 1-4
Wastewater-based epidemlology (WBE] is an method to estimate the consumption, or population. Chemicalk/pathogen can be excreteod from our bodyr, go through seweages and eventualy to the wastewater treetment r exposure to chemicals/pathogen in a plants. Therefore, by meas; asuring the concentrations of chemicals/ pathogen in wastewaters and through the back- calculation, the total usage or exposure can be estimated. WBE has commonly being used to monitor illicit drug use in the communities and has also recently being used for COVID-19. 

2.(10%) This back-calculation equation below has been used in Australia to get the total consumption (doses per day per 1000 people) of illicit drugs used in the community, where concentration (analyte) of illicit drugs is measured in the wastewaters. Assuming that we can use similar equation to estimate the exposure to COVID-19 in the community, in the case where we don't have "Flow volume" and "Catchment population in 1000's" data, what other data can be used instead? In other words, which parameters in the wastewaters can be used as biomarkers to represent/indicate wastewaters that were originated from human usage instead of other sources (i.e. rain water, industrial wastewaters, etc)? (Please select the least appropriate or the least suitable biomarker)

a.BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand
 b. Ammonia Nitrogen
 c. Total Nitrogen
d. Total Phosphorus
 e. Total Carbon