2. Please describe inducible lac operon.

1. How does light drive the synthesis of ATP ?

2. What is reciprocal regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis ?

3. Please describe the principle of Statins medicines on decreasing serum cholesterol.

1. Please translate the following research abstract into Mandarin.        Cumulative evidence indicates that excessive consumption of calories from saturated fat contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we assess the triggering and progression of AD pathology induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), and the effects of resveratrol, a polyphenol found in common dietary sources with multiple neuroprotective activities. Over 16 weeks, male wild type (WT) and AD transgenic 5XFAD mice were fed a control diet, HFD (60% kcal from fat), or HFD supplemented with 0.1% resveratrol. Resveratrol protected against HFD- induced memory loss in WT mice and prevented memory loss in 5XFAD mice. Resveratrol also reduced the amyloid burden worsen by HFD in 5XFAD, and protected against HFD-induced tau pathology in both WT and 5XFAD strains. At the mechanistic level, resveratrol inhibited the HFD- increased amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein in both strains； it also restored abnormal high levels in the proteolytic activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system induced by HFD, suggesting the presence of a compensatory mechanism to reduce the accumulation of abnormal proteins. Thus, our data suggest that resveratrol can correct the harmful effects of HFD in the brain and may be a potential therapeutic agent against obesity-related disorders and AD pathology.

2. Please draft the title of above-mentioned abstract in English or Mandarin.

1. Please describe three biological processes to contribute proteome complexity from limited genome.

3. Please describe the possible mechanisms that radiation sterilization to be applied in microbial control in food.

V. Please translate the following paragraph into Mandarin. Many enzymes require metal ions for maximal activity. If the enzyme binds the metal very tightly or requires the metal ion to maintain its stable, native state, it is referred to as a metalloenzyme. Enzymes that bind metal ions more weakly, perhaps only during the catalytic cycle, are referred to as metal activated. One role for metals in metal-activated enzymes and metalloenzymes is to act as electrophilic catalysts, stabilizing the increased electron density or negative charge that can develop during reactions.

5. The transformation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is a major energy production process. Pleases fill the blanks in the summary table of cell respiration below.

4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability."When oxygen is limited, hypoxic stress triggers the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) protein in mammalian tissues. Briefly describe the function of HIF-1 and how it affects the rate of glycolysis under hypoxia.

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