3. Please desctibe the significance and functions of the σ subunit? (3 points)

2. What is epigenetic inheritance? What kinds of chromosomal modifications are associated with epigenetic regulations?

3. Compare the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription initiation. (for example, subcellular localization, template, and regulators)

1.What is the difference in function between the DNA-binding domain and the activation domain of transcription

2. What is the function of a mediator in regulating transcription? (3 points)

4. Explain the difference between constitutive and regulated expression?(3 points)

5. Give the mRNA sequence that would result from the following sense strand: (3 points)5'-ATICCGATTGACGATGTCA-3'

6. The figure below shows a newly transcribed mRNA still associated with the template DNA. Draw the stem-loop structure (with the sequence) that often forms during termination. (4 points)3'-GGTCGGGCGGATTACTCGCCCGAAAAAAAA-5'5'-CCAGCCCGCCUAAUGAGCGGGCUUUUUUUU-3'

7.Show the product of the following restriction digest. HindIII has a restriction site of A↓AGCTT. P- indicate the 5' phosphate, -OH indicates the 3' hydroxyl. (3 points)

8. A linear DNA molecule was treated with BamHI and gave two fragments with sizes of 2080 and 3600 base pairs. The same DNA was treated with EcoRI and gave three fragments of 1080, 2150 and 2450 base pairs. Finally, the DNA was treated with both enzymes at the same time and gave fragments of 1000, 1080, 1450 and 2150 base pairs. Provide a map of the DNA molecule clearly indicating the restriction sites. (4 points)

III. Explain and compare the following terms: (20 points)(1) Catabolite activator protein (CAP) and cAMP(2) Enhancer and silencer(3) Histone acetyItransferase and histone deacetylase(4) Nonsense-mediated decay and nonstop-mediated decay(5) Group I self-splicing and pre-mRNA splicesome