37. Pure water freezes at 0.00°C under 1 atm, and its molal freezing-point depression constant is Kƒ = -1.86°C kg mol⁻¹. A solution is prepared by dissolving 14.84 g of a non-electrolyte in 291.7 g of water. The freezing point of the solution is -0.276°C. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. Report your answer to 3 significant figures.

38. The complex ion [CoBr₄]²⁻ has a tetrahedral geometry. Answer the following questions.(1) How many 3d electrons are present in the cobalt center?(2) Draw the crystal-field splitting diagram for the 3d orbitals in a tetrahedral ligand field and indicate the electron configuration by placing the electrons in the appropriate orbitals.

二、簡答題 1. The primary challenge in oncological pharmacology is achieving site-specific delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity. You are tasked with designing a drug delivery vehicle for a novel lung cancer therapeutic that must bypass the systemic circulation and selectively enter the cytoplasm of malignant lung epithelial cells. Discuss the molecular mechanisms you would exploit to ensure this specificity. In your response, compare the efficacy of targeting the extracellular matrix (ECM) with that of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Why is the mere chemical property of the drug (such as hydrophobicity) insufficient for achieving high tissue specificity in a complex multicellular organism?

2. In an experimental dataset, researchers often encounter 'outliers'-data points that deviate significantly from the established trend or theoretical expectation. Critically evaluate the scientific and ethical implications of data exclusion. Specifically, discuss why the practice of omitting outliers without transparent justification (as suggested in options A and B of the original multiple-choice prompt) undermines the validity of research. In your response, address how a researcher should systematically investigate these anomalies and what their presence might reveal about the experimental design or the phenomenon under study.

3. Tumorigenesis is traditionally viewed as a disorder of excessive cellular proliferation. However, modern oncology recognizes that the accumulation of cell mass is equally dependent on the evasion of programmed cell death. Critically analyze the role of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Explain how a defect in the apoptotic pathway can lead to tumor formation even if the rate of cell division remains normal. In your response, provide one example of a molecular 'checkpoint' or protein (such as p53 or the Bcl-2 family) that regulates this balance.

4. Mendel's F₂ data (6,022 yellow: 2,001 green) is often cited as a cornerstone of classical genetics.a) Calculate the phenotypic ratio and explain how this specific mathematical outcome supports the Law of Segregation.b) If the yellow F₁ plants had been 'test-crossed' with the original true-breeding green parents instead of self-pollinated, what phenotypic ratio would you expect in the resulting offspring? Justify your answer

5. The genetic code is described as being 'nearly universal' across all three domains of life. Critically evaluate the evolutionary and biotechnological implications of this universality. a) Explain how the conservation of the genetic code provides evidence for a Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). b) Discuss how this principle allows for the production of human proteins (such as insulin) in prokaryotic systems like E. coli.

6. Explain the relationship between concentration and electrical charge in a living cell. If you increase the amount of Potassium inside a cell, why does the cell end up with a more negative electrical charge?

7. The nematode C. elegans is considered a 'Model Organism.' Explain what this term means. Why does studying the DNA of a simple worm help us understand complex human diseases like cancer or Alzheimer's?

8. The development of mRNA vaccines represents a paradigm shift in vaccinology, moving from the delivery of exogenous antigens to the delivery of genetic instructions. Critically evaluate the role of the Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) and the host ribosome in the efficacy of an mRNA vaccine. Explain why the mRNA must be chemically modified (e.g., using pseudouridine) to bypass the host's innate immune sensors. Finally, describe the intracellular pathway by which the resulting protein is presented on the cell surface via MHC class I molecules.

9. Explain how a 'position effect' can cause cancer. Specifically, describe what happens when a growth-regulating gene (a proto-oncogene) is moved to a new location on a different chromosome. Why does this result in a tumor?

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