4. (3%) Debra says that more bonus will not make her eat more pizza (given that prices of movies and pizza remain the same).

三、Emma wants to buy a dress from Francesca, whose cost of making the dress is $300. The benefit of Emma to wear the dress is $500. 1. (2%) A “fair price” would let Emma and Francesca equally enjoy the gains from the transaction. What is the fair price in this case?

In fact, $500 is Emma’s expected benefit from the dress. With probability 1/2, Emma would like the dress very much, and obtain a benefit $800; and with probability 1/2, Francesca’s design doesn’t really impress Emma, whose benefit from the dress is only $200. The true benefit of the dress is Emma’s private information, and does not affect the transaction price. Suppose that Emma and Francesca first sign a contract and agree to trade at a price $p \geq 300$ (not necessarily the fair price). Then, Emma learns the true benefit of the dress ($800 or 200). Finally, if they trade, Francesca spends the cost to make the dress, and Emma pays the price $p and gets the dress. Both Emma and Francesca are risk neutral. An efficient trading rule maximizes social surplus (the sum of consumer surplus and producer profit). Here, it requires Francesca make, and Emma get the dress if and only if the cost is smaller than the benefit. 2. (3%) What is the expected social surplus under the efficient trading rule?

3. (3%) What is the expected social surplus if Emma cannot breach the contract, namely, she must always pay the price \( p \) and trade with Francesca?

In practice, if a party breaches the contract, the court may order that party to pay the "expectation damages" to the trading partner (the victim of the breach). By definition, expectation damages compensate the victim an amount that would give her the same payoff had the contract been carried out. For the remaining questions, suppose that when Emma decides to breach the contract (i.e., refuse to trade with Francesca), Francesca has not yet incurred the cost, and Emma will be ordered to pay expectation damages. 4. (3%) What is the amount of expectation damages Emma should pay in case of breach?

5. (3%) What is the price $p, if any, that would induce the efficient trading rule? If there are more than one, find out all such prices; and if there is none, explain why.

Lastly, suppose that either Emma or Francesca can make extra efforts to improve Emma's consumption experiences. By making such efforts (at a cost $1), the probability of a benefit of $800 becomes $\frac{1}{2} + x$, and the probability of a benefit of $200 becomes $\frac{1}{2} - x$, where $0 < x < \frac{1}{2}$. 6. (3%) What is the social benefit of such efforts?

7. (3%) If Emma can make the efforts, what is the maximal value of \( I \) such that Emma is willing to do so?

8. (3%) If Francesca can make the efforts, what is the maximal value of \( I \) such that Francesca is willing to do so?

四、Both Gigi and Helen maximize the expected utility, with a (Bernoulli) utility function $u(x) = \ln x$, where $x$ is the amount of money they can enjoy. Each of them has an initial wealth $10, but may suffer from an accident that occurs with probability 1/4. 1. (3%) Are they risk neutral, risk loving, risk averse, or none of these?

2. (4%) Suppose that the accident inflicts a damage $2 to each of the two girls. Can Gigi and Helen make an arrangement of mutual insurance that would constitute Pareto improvement over the case of no insurance? If yes, how; and if no, why not?

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