II. Translation 10%
「竹子天花板」一詞源自於領導力策略專家 Jane Hyun 2005 年的著作。作者移植了職場性別不平等「玻 璃天花板」的概念，以「竹子天花板」形容亞裔在職場中遭遇的挫折及不平等。外界對亞裔的刻板印 象，就是少數族裔中的乖乖牌。然而順從又內斂的性格導致亞裔人才常被排除在領導階層之外，彷彿 有一層打不破的竹子天花板。

III. Summary and Cloze Test Design 20% Please summarize the following passage in 200 words (10%). Design Five multiple-choice cloze questions for 11th graders (10%). Each question must include four alternatives, (A), (B), (C), and (D), with one of them being the best answer. Answers to each question must be provided.        We‟ve all heard it before: to be successful, get out of bed early. After all, Apple CEO Tim Cook gets up at 3:45am, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne at 3:30am and Richard Branson at 5:45am – and, as we know, “the early bird catches the worm.”        But just because some successful people wake up early, does that mean it‟s a trait most of them share? And if the idea of having exercised, planned your day, eaten breakfast, visualised and done one task before 8am makes you want to roll over and hit snooze ‟til next Saturday, are you really doomed to a less successful life?        For about half of us, this isn‟t really an issue. It‟s estimated that some 50% of the population isn‟t really morning or evening-oriented, but somewhere in the middle. Roughly one in four of us, though, tend more toward bright-eyed early risers, and another one in four are night owls. For them, the effects can go beyond falling asleep in front of the TV at 10pm or being chronically late for work. Research shows that morning versus evening types show a classic left-brain versus right-brain division: more analytical and cooperative versus more imaginative and individualistic.      Numerous studies have found that morning people are more persistent, self-directed and agreeable. They set higher goals for themselves, plan for the future more and have a better sense of well-being. And compared to night owls, they‟re less likely to be depressed, drink or smoke.                 Although morning types may achieve more academically, night owls tend to perform better on measures of memory, processing speed and cognitive ability, even when they have to perform those tasks in the morning. Night-time people are also more open to new experiences and seek them out more. They may be more creative (although not always). And contrary to the maxim („healthy, wealthy and wise‟), one study showed that night owls are as healthy and wise as morning types – and a little bit wealthier.       Still think the morning people sound more like CEO material? Don‟t set your alarm for 5am just yet. As it turns out, overhauling your sleep times may not have much effect.        “If people are left to their naturally preferred times, they feel much better. They say that they are much more productive. The mental capacity they have is much broader,” says Oxford University biologist Katharina Wulff, who studies chronobiology and sleep. On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin. “Then you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative physiological consequences,” Wulff says, like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose – which can cause weight gain.       In many ways, that makes sense, since research shows that our chronotype, or internal clock, is mainly biological. Up to 47% of it is inherited, which means if you want to know why you pop up at dawn each day (or never do), you should probably look at your parents. One genetic factor seems to be the length of the circadian cycle: humans average a 24.2-hour clock, meaning everyone adjusts slightly each day to a 24-hour rhythm. But for night owls, the clock often runs longer – meaning that, without external cues to change, they‟ll fall asleep and get up later and later over time.         In our rush to figure out the „secrets‟ of success, we tend to forget a couple of things. First, not all high achievers are early risers, and not all early risers are successful. (Famous late risers include Box CEO Aaron Levie and Buzzfeed CEO Jonah Peretti, plus creatives like James Joyce, Gertrude Stein and Gustave Flaubert).        But more importantly, in a phrase beloved by academics everywhere, correlation isn‟t causation. In other words, it‟s not clear that waking up early itself provides the benefit. Instead, it may be that most of us are expected to start work or school by 8 or 9am. If you‟re a morning person, a combination of biological changes, from your hormones to body temperature, will get you up and at 'em way ahead of your night owl peers. That means people who enjoy rising early will be more aligned with their workday and likely to achieve more. For a night owl waking at 7am, her body still thinks she‟s asleep and is acting accordingly, so she‟s groggy for much longer than a morning person who wakes up at the same time. Researchers also point out that because evening types often have to function when their bodies don‟t want to, it makes sense that they may have worse moods or lower life satisfaction. It may also mean that they‟ve had to figure out how to be more innovative and cut corners – which may encourage their creativity and cognitive skills.        Because the cultural stereotype is that people who go to bed and rise late are lazy, most people probably try to become morning people as much as they can. The only ones who don‟t may inherently have more rebellious, or individualistic, traits.        But shifting someone‟s chronotype doesn‟t necessarily change these traits. As one recent study found, even 3 as people tried to become „morning‟ people, it didn‟t make them have a better mood or life satisfaction, suggesting these traits are “intrinsic components of the late chronotype.”       Still think you‟d be better off if you shifted to becoming a morning person? Morning exposure to bright (or natural) light, avoiding artificial light at night and carefully-timed melatonin intake can help. But because you‟re effectively overriding your biology, any changes take discipline and must be consistent to last. And because night owls tend to have a longer circadian cycle, putting them even more at odds with a 24-hour schedule, that can be tougher for them to achieve.        In real terms? “The normal person may be able to handle 1.5 hours and achieve a stable entrainment,” says Wulff. Even that will require significant external input – like super-bright morning light (at least 2,000 lux), she says.        As long as that dawn wake-up isn‟t guaranteeing us CEO status, we think we‟ll hit snooze on any major changes to our schedule.

IV. Please design Five reading comprehension questions, which include three multiple choice questions and two competency-based questions based on the following passage. (請出 3 題傳統閱讀測驗題以及 2 題素養 題，形式不拘) 20%       Aesop‟s fables are supposed to illustrate a moral point. If he had lived in Central America rather than Greece, though, he might have thrown in the towel at writing one entitled “The Ant and the Acacia Tree”. For, as Sabrina Amador-Vargas and Finote Gijsman of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, in Panama, have discovered, the moral of this particular tale is that laziness pays.       Acacias are a widespread group, but one member in particular, Vachellia collinsii, is famous for its symbiotic relationship with ants. The ants attack herbivorous insects which eat the tree‟s leaves, remove encroaching vegetation, and also protect it from disease by distributing antibiotics synthesized by bacteria living on their legs. In return, the tree rewards ants with food in the form of protein-rich Beltian bodies and sugar-rich nectaries, and with secure housing inside hollow thorns that have evolved specifically for the purpose.        A cozy arrangement, then. But, like all bargains, one that is subject to negotiation. One of the best known ant symbionts of acacias is Pseudomyrmex spinicola. Members of this species do everything expected of them and help the plants to thrive. Crematogaster crinosa, by contrast, are less desirable tenants. They are lazy defenders against herbivores, fail to clear encroaching vegetation and are not known to spread antibiotics. Given the different services these species provide, Dr Amador-Vargas and Ms Gijsman wondered whether the plants paid them different wages. And, as they write in the Science of Nature, they found that they did. But not in a way that Aesop would have approved of.       For three months, the researchers monitored specimens of V. collinsii at two sites, one of which supported both types of ant and the other only P. spinicola.      They paid particular attention to the trees‟ thorns, Beltian bodies and nectaries, but also collected evidence of leaves having been chewed by herbivores. For comparison, they looked at acacias lacking ant colonies. The quality and quantity of accommodation provided was, they discovered, the same in all circumstances. Even when ants were absent, acacias grew similar numbers of hollow thorns. The food rewards on offer, however, varied a lot.       In particular, trees with ants sported 75% more nectaries than those without. This came as no surprise. But the plants also treated the two types of tenant differently. Though the distribution of Beltian bodies remained unchanged, acacias supporting colonies of P. spinicola only produced nectaries along the bases of their leaves. Those supporting C. crinosa did this too, but also sported such structures at the tips of their leaves, encouraging otherwise recalcitrant workers of that species to traverse the leaves to reach an extra reward. That brings these ants into contact with pests they might not otherwise have encountered, driving those pests away. But from an anthropomorphic point of view it hardly seems fair on the industrious workers of P. spinicola, which need no such bribe to achieve the same goal.

V. Lesson plan 20% Design an elective course lesson plan for the 10th graders (18 weeks, 2 hours per week) to develop students‟ concern toward global issues (based on SDGs). The lesson plan should include the learning objectives, teaching materials, course modules, a final product, and the assessment. Please list your arrangement on a weekly basis.

VI. Writing 20% Around the world, schools are currently adopting Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) or English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) to convey academic content in English. Please compare the two approaches (10%) and do you agree or disagree with the implementation of either approach in secondary education in Taiwan in order to develop our country into a bilingual nation (10%)? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write an essay of at least 300 words.

1. Test-making (1): Please rewrite the following passage into a cloze test of about 150 words with five questions for graders, and provide the answer to the questions.       Scientists from universities in the US and UK, who jointly analyzed data collated on a range of species, say they are "astounded" by the figure. They point out that it is about 50% higher than previous estimates. The wildlife trade - in the likes of horns, ivory and exotic pets - is the number one cause of animal extinction, tied only with land development. "The sheer diversity of species being traded is astounding - the risk that will grow is very worrying," said Prof David Edwards of the University of Sheffield, a co-researcher on the study.      The study, published in Science, identified hotspots for traded birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles in regions within the Andes mountain range and Amazon rainforest, sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia and Australia. The research also identified another 3,000 or so species that look set to be traded in the future, based on their similarities with animals currently bought and sold - for example if they have bright plumage or exotic horns. "If one species is traded, the chances are its evolutionary cousins are also traded," said Dr. Brett Scheffers of the University of Florida. "Once we discovered that pattern, we could develop a new model that would predict which species are likely to be traded in the future, even if they are not traded now." The scientists stress the need for proactive rather than reactive strategies, including a "watch list" of susceptible species, better detection of illegal imports, fighting corruption and engaging local people in conservation. Prof Edwards said: "Withouturgent focus on how to stem both the supply and demand for wild-caught species, there is a real danger that we will lose many traded species."      Individuals can help by not taking any illegal animal products offered to them abroad, he said, and bychecking any exotic pets they buy have not been captured illegally from the wild.

2. Test-making (2): Please write three reading comprehension questions based on the reading passage below for graders and the answers provided.       The rich, multi-ethnic and multi-dimensional culture of Nepal is based on centuries-old traditions and social customs. Its diversities range of mountain communities and social strata are expressed in music, dance, folklore,language, and religion.       Nepal has two main religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, although many Nepalese practice a uniquecombination of both mixed with a degree of animism. The traditions of both go back over two millennia to the birth of the Buddha in Lumbini and the ancient Hindu rituals still strong today. Also treasured is the tradition of excellence in arts and crafts.       Visitors will need to observe native customs when visiting temples, such as respectful, conservative dress,removing shoes before entry and asking permission to enter a Hindu temple. Nepalis are friendly, although displays of affection in public are not appreciated. Superstitions rule and it brings bad luck to praise a baby’s appearance or walk on spilled rice. Red chilies hang everywhere, driving away evil spirits and bus drivers always say a prayer before departing.       The family is very important in Nepalese life, and is traditionally close-knit and loyal. Women are generally subservient to men and although highly honored as mothers, they have less access to education and political power. In rural areas, women work longer and harder than men, as they are expected to combine their household and child-raising chores with farming and taking care of the livestock.       An artistic and intellectual revival took place in the 1950s, sparking a flowering of literature and art focused on national pride and religious values. Nowadays, the traditional culture of Nepal is fostered in radio programs featuring folk music and, in rural areas, devotional music and songs, a strong part of village life.

IV. Essay Question  With the implementation of the new 108 curriculum, what kind of role do you think the teachers should take on? (250 – 300 words)

 1. A binary tree has ten nodes. The inorder and preorder traversals of the binary tree are shown as follows. Inorder: FKCGJBDEAI Preorder: GFCKDJBIEA Draw the tree.

a. Determine the entropy of the data set. (4 points)

b. Determine the average entropy of the resulting subsets obtained by splitting on attribute A. (4 points)

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