申論題

Read the following passage and design 3 multiple-choice reading comprehension questions and 2 integrated questions for 12th graders. Answers to each question must be provided.
    You’re checking your Facebook account when you see a video of a well-known politician. You watch it
and you can’t believe what he’s saying! He’ll surely be kicked out of office and perhaps arrested. About an hour later, however, it’s revealed that the video was a deepfake. Of course, the politician wouldn’t have said such outrageous things, but still, it looked so real!
    That’s the real danger of deepfakes. The term combines “deep learning” and “fake.” Deep learning is a type of machine learning in which an artificial intelligence (AI) program learns in the same way as the human brain. It does this by applying increasingly complicated procedures to its operations to improve its own ability to carry out its function. In this case, the program is trying to create images and videos that are almost impossible to distinguish from real life. The results are deepfakes, and they often appear to show famous real-world figures doing and saying things that are likely to cause anger and shock, or worse.
    Of course, such videos can embarrass or upset the individuals who appear in them, but there are bigger consequences, too. Deepfakes could be used to influence the course of an election, exploit people’s fears so that they behave in harmful ways, or make an attack on someone’s character. For example, a deepfake video of a politician saying untrue things about vaccines could mean people don’t get a vaccine. One extreme example comes from the African country of Gabon. In 2018, Gabon’s president disappeared from the public eye for a while. There were rumors that he was sick, or even dead. Then, a video of him appeared. The video looked fake, and this caused the Gabon military to attempt to overthrow the government.
    This highlights another problem that deepfakes can cause. Now that people know videos and photos can be faked in such a realistic way, they may stop believing any news at all. This is a huge challenge for governments and media organizations around the world.