113年 - 113 國立高雄科技大學_碩士班招生考試試題_應用英語系口筆譯碩士班：中英翻譯#121905

科目：研究所、轉學考(插大)◆中英翻譯 | 年份：113年 | 選擇題數：0 | 申論題數：4

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所屬科目：研究所、轉學考(插大)◆中英翻譯

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1. Clearing the Air

Getting to zero carbon emissions won't save the world. We will need to remove carbon on a massive scale. To do that will require a planet-wide effort to match anything that humankind has ever achieved. Scientists and entrepreneurs are embarking on ambitious projects to remove carbon dioxide from ambient air and lock it away. In Arizona, an engineering professor shows me his "mechanical tree," a single one of which he says may someday be able to do the work of a thousand regular trees in capturing and storing CO2. In Australia, a leading oceanographer tells me that seaweed is salvation, if only we'd help it grow in giant aqua-gardens of kelp [海帶] and wakame [裙帶菜] that could harbor billions of tons of carbon dioxide.
What these efforts have in common is that they are geared in the long run to drag downward a number that climate experts agree holds the key to the health of the planet. That number is the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, which for thousands of years had held stable at or a bit below 280 parts per million, until the industrial revolution kicked off in the middle of the 19th century. Today this critical number stands at some 420 parts per million—in other words, the percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen roughly 50 percent since 1850. (National Geographic, Nov. 2023)

2. Welcome to the Ad-free Internet
For a preview of what lies wrapped beneath the Christmas tree, log in to Facebook. The social network tracks its users' behavior so intimately that it is able to personalize adverts with a precision that sometimes verges on mind-reading. Its ad-stuffed newsfeed at this time of year embodies the internet's great trade-off: consumers enjoy free services, but must submit to bombardment with commercials from companies that know who has been naughty or nice.
Yet increasingly, those consumers with deep enough pockets are getting the chance to escape the online admen. Last month Facebook's owner, Meta, began offering customers in Europe ad-free subscriptions to Facebook and its sister network, Instagram.
Social networks are not the only medium allowing the group that advertisers most covet—the better-off with money—to splurge to wriggle beyond their reach. From video and audio to news and gaming, a combination of regulation and technological change is encouraging media companies to offer alternatives. As the rich opt out of commercials on some platforms, advertisers are therefore looking for new places to catch them. (The Economist, Dec. 16, 2023)

1. AI 必須受到監管與限制，否則會有削弱人性和尊嚴的危險

教宗方濟各(Pope Francis)在今年「世界和平日」(World Day of Peace 2024)發表以「AI的崛起」為主題的演講,他認為我們必須對 AI 進行監管,AI應服務於人類最大的潛能和至高的願望,但在當前技術官僚主義(technocratic)和效率導向的大旗下,限制AI 的重要性常被人們拋諸腦後。

教宗在演講中不僅談到了AI 可能濫用於戰爭和恐怖主義的可能風險,甚至會以一種徹底重塑社會的方式削弱人性。AI應該受到監管,應該激發人類潛能並實現至高願望,而不是與之競爭。這次演講的核心概念就是「限制」,這對個人和社會的發展至關重要。

他特別闡述「技術官僚主義」社會的危險,特別是對人類行為的演算法操控,以及工作取代與勞動力品質下降的全面自動化,兩者之所以特別危險,是因為它們對人類尊嚴構成最根本的威脅。如今我們未能有效監管 AI 的原因之一,莫過於我們缺乏挑戰 AI 的連貫性描述。除了功利主義的解釋外,很少人能夠像教宗一樣明確地解釋為什麼人類智慧能在質量上優於AI;為什麼勞動有尊嚴;為什麼技術專家主義會危害我們的生活品質。(科技新報,2024-1-6)

2. 玻璃一年奪走上億「鳥」命美國大樓不想再當候鳥殺手

每到遷徙時節,候鳥飛越數千公里,躲過天敵與天災,卻在「玻璃叢林」裡丟了性命。北美都會區嚴重的「窗殺」引起大眾關注,自發投入防止窗殺的工作。芝加哥麥考密克展覽中心(McCormick Place)的大樓一夜之間「殺死」近千隻候鳥。當地鳥類專家威勒德(David Willard)隔天早上目睹了這一幕,長年追蹤窗殺事件的他大受震撼,「窗前就像鋪上了鳥屍做的地毯。」

窗殺的原因有幾種:乾淨透明的玻璃有時連人類眼睛都難以察覺,鳥類的雙眼主要在頭部兩側、沒有3D視覺,因此不容易注意到玻璃。牠們看到玻璃反射出的植栽,就一頭衝撞過去。此外,夜晚遷徙的鳥類常仰賴星光導航,城市大樓的燈光會迷惑牠們的方向感。有時牠們撞上窗戶,有的不斷繞行燈光直到力竭墜地,這種現象稱為「致命光害吸引」。

芝加哥窗殺案引發不少熱議,公民呼籲政府與大樓管理者採取更多作為。生物多樣性中心發出公開信,要求儘速啟動《候鳥條約法案》(Migratory Bird Treaty Act)的保護傘規範。前總統川普(Trump)曾修正法案,讓「意外」導致鳥類死亡的企業,能免去刑事罪刑。(環境資訊中心,2023-11-30)