10. In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to _______
(A)carbon fixation.
(B)oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.
(C)substrate‐level phosphorylation in glycolysis.
(D)reduction of NADP+.
(E)protein synthesis and modification

6. Consider this pathway: epinephrine → G protein‐coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Identify the second messenger. (A)adenylyl cyclase (B)G protein (C)cAMP (D)GTP (E)dATP

7. Which of the following occurs during apoptosis? (A)release of proteases outside the cell (B)lysis of the cell (C)direct contact between signaling cells (D)fragmentation of the DNA (E)DNA replication

8. The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the (A)H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase. (B)flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. (C)transfer of phosphate to ADP. (D)oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. (E)electron transmission of photosynthesis.

9. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? (A)NADPH→ O2→ CO2 (B)NADPH→ electron transport chain→ O2 (C)H2O→ NADPH→ Calvin cycle (D)H2O→ photosystem I→ photosystem II (E)H2O→ mitochondria→ NADPH

11. Which of the following is a true statement? (A)Anabolic pathways build molecules, require energy, and are endergonic. (B)Catabolic pathways build molecules, release energy, and are exergonic. (C)Catabolic pathways break down molecules, require energy, and are exergonic. (D)Anabolic pathways break down molecules, require energy, and are endergonic. (E)The second and third answers are correct.

12. In the cell cycle, which of the following occurs during S phase? (A)separation of sister chromatids (B)replication of the DNA (C)spindle formation (D)condensation of the chromosomes (E)centrosomes synthesis

13. Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle? (A)M (B)G1 (C)G2 (D)S (E)cytokinesis

14. Asexual reproduction __________. (A)is limited to plants (B)requires both meiosis and mitosis (C)leads to a loss of genetic material (D)is limited to single‐cell organisms (E)produces offspring genetically identical to the parent

15. What number and types of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? (A)21 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (B)22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome (C)45 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome (D)44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (E)n chromosomes

16. For what purpose(s) might a karyotype be prepared? (A)for prenatal screening, to determine if a fetus has the correct number of chromosomes (B)to determine whether a fetus is male or female (C)to detect the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, inversions, or translocations (D)The first and second answers are correct. (E)The first three answers are correct.