15. What number and types of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell?
(A)21 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
(B)22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
(C)45 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
(D)44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
(E)n chromosomes

11. Which of the following is a true statement? (A)Anabolic pathways build molecules, require energy, and are endergonic. (B)Catabolic pathways build molecules, release energy, and are exergonic. (C)Catabolic pathways break down molecules, require energy, and are exergonic. (D)Anabolic pathways break down molecules, require energy, and are endergonic. (E)The second and third answers are correct.

12. In the cell cycle, which of the following occurs during S phase? (A)separation of sister chromatids (B)replication of the DNA (C)spindle formation (D)condensation of the chromosomes (E)centrosomes synthesis

13. Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle? (A)M (B)G1 (C)G2 (D)S (E)cytokinesis

14. Asexual reproduction __________. (A)is limited to plants (B)requires both meiosis and mitosis (C)leads to a loss of genetic material (D)is limited to single‐cell organisms (E)produces offspring genetically identical to the parent

16. For what purpose(s) might a karyotype be prepared? (A)for prenatal screening, to determine if a fetus has the correct number of chromosomes (B)to determine whether a fetus is male or female (C)to detect the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, inversions, or translocations (D)The first and second answers are correct. (E)The first three answers are correct.

17. In tigers, a recessive allele of a particular gene causes both an absence of fur pigmentation (a white tiger) and a cross‐eyed condition. If two phenotypically normal tigers that are heterozygous at this locus are mated, what percentage of their offspring will be cross‐eyed? (A)100% (B)10% (C)25% (D)50% (E)75%

18. Which of the following do you expect if an individual is heterozygous for the sickle‐cell trait? (A)they will not develop sickle‐cell disease (B)they will show some symptoms of the disease because the allele that causes sickle‐cell disease is not really recessive (C)they will be more apt to acquire a serious case of malaria (D)they will have full‐blown sickle‐cell disease because the allele is dominant (E)none of the listed choices are correct

19. Hemochromatosis is an inherited disease caused by a recessive allele. If a woman and her husband, who are both carriers, have three children, what is the probability of all three children have the disease? (A)3/4 (B)1/64 (C)37/64 (D)27/64 (E)7/64

20. In his work with pneumonia‐causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that ______(A)the protein coat from pathogenic cells was able to transform nonpathogenic cells. (B)some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic. (C)the polysaccharide coat of bacteria caused pneumonia. (D)heat‐killed pathogenic cells caused pneumonia. (E)the third and fourth answers are correct.

21. The elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis (A)depends on the action of DNA polymerase. (B)occurs in the 3’→5’direction. (C)produces Okazaki fragments. (D)progresses away from the replication fork. (E)dependents on the activity of helicase