12. Chromosomes are replicated during the________ phase.
(A) G₁
(B) G₂
(C) S
(D) M

(E) meta-

13. Humans have ________different types of autosomes.(A) 46(B) 44(C) 23(D) 22(E) 11

14. When cancer cells have the ability to migrate to other parts of the body, they are said to be (A) invasive. (B) benign. (C) metastatic. (D) oncogenic. (E) genetic.

15. A mutation causes a gene to become overactive, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth. Which term best describes this gene? (A) tumor-suppressor gene (B) oncogene (C) spliced gene (D) alternatively spliced gene (E) malignant gene

16. The likely outcome from a mutation in the lacO site (lac Operator) of the lac operon would be (A) binding of RNA polymerase could be hindered. (B) binding of a repressor protein could be hindered. (C) binding of the activator protein could be hindered. (D) duplication could be affected. (E) the order in which the genes of the lac operon are transcribed could be altered.

17. How many distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases does each cell make?(A) ~1(B) ~20(C) ~60(D) ~120(Ε)~180

18. Decide which sequence of events is most CORRECT for the initiation and elongation steps of translation in prokaryotic cells?(1) initiator tRNA binds start codon on mRNA(2) small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA(3) large ribosomal subunit binds(4) tRNA entry and peptidyl transfer reaction(5) translocation of ribosome and release of tRNA(A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5(B) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4(C) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5(D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4(E) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5

19. The mechanism of DNA replication is(A) conservative.(B) intermediate.(C) semiconservative.(D) dispersive.(E) complementary.

20. Which of the following is NOT a protein involved in DNA replication?(A) replication fork(B) single-stranded binding proteins(C) DNA ligase(D) topoisomerase(E) helicase

21. The protective layer outside of the plasma membrane of the plant cell is called________(A) chitin(B) pectin(C) proteoglycans(D) cellulose(E) the cell wall

22. When insulin binds to it's G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) what happens next?(A) The G protein loses GDP and gains GTP becoming inactivated.(B) The G protein loses GTP and gains GDP becoming activated.(C) The G protein loses GTP and gains GDP becoming inactivated.(D) The G protein loses GDP and gains GTP becoming activated.(E) The insulin enters the cell through the GPCR and diffuses to the nucleus where it interacts with transcription factors.

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