21. The protective layer outside of the plasma membrane of the plant cell is called________
(A) chitin
(B) pectin
(C) proteoglycans
(D) cellulose

(E) the cell wall

39. The spread of an action potential through heart tissue is made possible by(A) gap junctions.(B) tight junctions.(C) a network of neurons in the heart.(D) myogenic junctions.(E) synaptic clefts.

40. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood of humans is transported(A) as dissolved CO2 in plasma.(B) as bicarbonate ion in plasma.(C) attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells.(D) attached to hemoglobin in plasma.(E) as carbonic acid.

41. Which of the following gives the correct rank order for relative amount of water (most to least) required for excretion of the primary nitrogenous wastes used by different animals?(A) urea → ammonia → uric acid(B) uric acid → ammonia → urea(C) urea → uric acid → ammonia(D) ammonia → uric acid → urea(E) ammonia → urea → uric acid

42. Which of the following does NOT represent a chemical class of hormones?(A) carbohydrates(B) amines(C) peptides(D) proteins(E) steroids

43. Which of the following hormone-effect pairs is mismatched?(A) growth hormone-promote linear growth(B) glucagon-decrease blood glucose level(C) aldosterone-increase blood osmolality(D) thyroid hormone-increase metabolism(E) melatonin-decrease nervous activity in suprachiasmaticnucleus

44. Which factor can be detected in the urine during the early pregnancy of mammals?(A) progesterone(B) estrogen(C) luteinizing hormone(D) chorionic gonadotropin(E) follicle-stimulating hormone

45. Sexual reproduction(A) allows more offspring to be produced per individual.(B) allows a parent to pass on 100% of their genes to offspring.(C) increases genetic variation.(D) results in the formation of a haploid zygote.(E) only occurs in vertebrates.

46. Which of the following represents the proper order of events in embryonicdevelopment?(A) fertilization, gastrulation, neurulation, cleavage, organogenesis(B) fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, neurulation(C) fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis(D) fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, neurulation, organogenesis(E) fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis, neurulation

47. It is well established that developmental biology has impacts on public health. For instance, thalidomide, an anticonvulsive and antiallergic medication, was prescribed to reduce nausea or morning sickness in pregnant women. It was subsequently shown to cause severely deformed limbs (hands and feet, but reduced arms and legs) in children whose mothers took the medication. What might thalidomide do during development?(A) Cause a defect in the fertilization of an egg.(B) Severely alter blastulation in the embryo.(C) Impair neural tube formation.(D) Impair morphogenic fields within the embryo.(E) Block cell division during blastulation.

48. A doctor discovers that her patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but he is unable to protect himself against viral infections. The doctor suspects a disorder in her patient's(A) B cells.(B) helper T cells.(C) cytotoxic T cells.(D) suppressor T cells.(E) macrophages.

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