12. In animal physiology, when differentiating between roundworms, annelids, and snakes, which characteristics could you use?
(A) Radial symmetry and dorsal nerve cord.
(B) Radial symmetry and worm-like body shape.
(C) Segmentation and dorsal nerve tube.
(D) Segmentation and bilateral symmetry.
(E) Pseudocoelom and ventral nerve cord.

8. Which of the following descriptions about coenzyme Q is NOT correct? (A) It is also known as ubiquinone that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria (B) It is involved in the electron transport chain located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. (C) In human mitochondria, the most common coenzyme Q form is coenzyme . (D) It is sold as a dietary supplement but most healthy people have enough coenzyme naturally.  (E) The capacity of this molecule acts as a one-electron carrier moving between the fully oxidized to the fully reduced states.

9. Which of the following descriptions about Candida albicans is NOT correct? (A) It is a polymorphic fungus. (B) It is a member of the healthy microbiota. (C) It is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that exists as a harmless commensal in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. (D) It can form biofilms on solid surfaces such as dental enamel and human heart valves. (E) It never causes severe, life-threatening bloodstream infections.

10. Artemisinin, isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Artemisia annua, is an active ingredient to treat malaria. Which of the following descriptions is NOT correct? (A) Malaria is caused by Plasmodium sp. that proliferate in female Anopheles mosquitoes (B) Artemisinin originates from A. annua, a Chinese medicinal plant (Qinghao), commonly known as sweet wormwood. NT (C) Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone with a unique endoperoxide structure that is mainly chemically synthesized for global supply. (D) Plant tissue culture has been investigated to establish a production of artemisinin. (E) Artemisinin can be produced heterologously in the plants Nicotiana benthamiana.

11. What is NOT correct about testosterone? (A) Binding to the androgen receptor. (B) Expressed in both sexes. (C) Affecting male aggression and reproduction. (D) Released from the testes and pituitary gland. (E) Acting as a precursor of estrogen.

13. Which of the following is not a result of sexual selection? (A) Sexual dimorphism. (B) Infanticide. (C) Male competition. (D) Altruism. (E) Female choice.

14. What are the sex(s) of the model organism nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans? (A) Male and female. (B) Male and hermaphrodites. (C) Female and hermaphrodites. (D) Only hermaphrodites. (E) Male and female and hermaphrodites.

15. Most aquatic animals primarily excrete nitrogenous wastes as: (A) Ammonia. (B) Urea. (C) Uric acid. (D) Creatinine. (E) Nitrogen.

16. Which ion serves as the primary signal responsible for neurotransmitter release at the axon terminal and has been widely used to reflect neural activity?(A) Potassium efflux.(B) Sodium efflux.(C) Sodium influx.(D) Calcium efflux. (E) Calcium influx.

17. What is the primary factor enabling the rapid conduction of action potentials in the giant axons of squids? (A) Myelination. (B) Low threshold. (C) Increased sodium channels. (D) Multiple axons. (E) Large diameter.

18. Which receptor directly mediates the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction? (A) Nicotinic receptor. (B) Muscarinic receptor. (C) α Adrenergic receptor. (D) β Adrenergic receptor. (E) Orexin receptor.