12. Not all mutations inside the open reading frame of a gene encoding a protein change the amino acid sequence of the protein because:
(A) tRNAs carrying different amino acids can recognize the same codon
(B) some codons specify more than one amino acid
(C) two different codons can specify the same amino acid
(D) some codons are skipped during translation
(E) some codons consist of more than three nucleotides

1. A eukaryotic gene is most likely to be transcribed if it is located where? (A) in the telomeric region of a chromosome (B) in a heterochromatic region of the genome (C) in a euchromatic region of the genome (D) in a region of the genome in which the histones are deacetylated

2. Sister chromatid is: (A) The same thing as homologous chromosomes. (B) A pair of chromosomes of the same kind. (C) Identical copies of the same chromosome attached at the centromere. (D) Always haploid. (E) Always diploid.

3. Which of following RNA participates in ribosome biogenesis? (A) small nucleolar RNA (B) transfer RNA (C) small nuclear RNA (D) microRNA (E) small interfering RNA

4. Which of the following enzymes is the major processive enzyme in leading strand synthesis during eukaryotic DNA replication? (A) DNA polymerase α (alpha) (B) DNA polymerase β (beta) (C) RNA polymerase γ (gamma) (D) DNA polymerase ε (epsilon) (E) Telomerase

5. Which form of DNA damage is least likely to be encountered on a day to day basis? (A) Double strand breaks. (B) Hydroxylation. (C) Deamination. (D) Pyrimidine dimers. (E) Tautomerization.

6. If a replicating cell encounters significant DNA damage during S phase, what is the most likely result? (A) It will arrest in the S phase checkpoint and undergo repair (B) It will immediately trigger apoptosis and die (C) It will utilize telomerase to extend past the damage (D) It will utilize bypass polymerases to complete S phase (E) It will undergo a reductive division

7. Which of the following is not part of a zinc-finger motif? (A) zinc ion (B) proline residue (C) cysteine residue (D) histidine residue

8. Which of the following protein domains would be most likely to recognize and bind to acetylated lysine residues on nucleosomes? (A) homeodomains (B) zinc fingers (C) bromodomains (D) chromodomains

9. Cells, when infected by a DNA virus, can transcribe both stands of the viral DNA and process it into ~21 nt single stranded fragments that can be loaded into protein complexes which target viral protein encoding transcripts for degradation. Which statement below correctly characterizes this process? (A) This siRNA silencing results in a gene knock out. (B) This siRNA silencing results in a gene knock down. (C) This miRNA silencing results in a gene knock out. (D) This miRNA silencing results in a gene knock down. (E) This miRNA silencing results in reversible gene regulation

10. The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that one gene leads to one transcript and results in one protein product. Which of the following processes would refute this dogma? (A) Ordered splicing. (B) RNA editing. (C) Telomerase activity. (D) Translation start site recognition. (E) Polyadenylation of new transcripts.

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