12. Which of the following is NOT a hormone secreted by endocrine glands located in the human brain?
(A) vasopressin
(B) calcitonin
(C) prolactin
(D) melatonin
(E) oxytocin

13. Suppose a person begins breathing very rapidly while resting (hyperventilating), which of the following best describes how homeostasis is restored? (A) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The frontal cortex detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (B) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The hypothalamus detects the change and decreases stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby reducing the breathing rate. (C) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The hypothalamus detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (D) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (E) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate.

14. Meiosis increases genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over. In which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur? (A) prophase I (B) prophase II (C) metaphase I (D) metaphase II (E) anaphase I

15. What is the primary function of the kidneys in the human body? (A) Filtration of blood and excretion of waste products (B) Production of red blood cells (C) Digestion of food (D) Regulation of body temperature (E) Generate energy

16. In the presence of a competitive inhibitor, which of the following changes in Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics is expected? (A) Vmax decreases, Km decreases. (B) Vmax remains unchanged, Km decreases. (C) Vmax decreases, Km increases (D) Vmax remains unchanged, Km increases (E) Vmax increases, Km increases

17. In the electron transport chain, which of the following is the final electron acceptor? (A) Cytochrome C (B) Coenzyme A (C) NADH (D) O2 (E) FADH2

18. In muscle, the first event in glycogen breakdown after a hormone binding is__________. (A) cytoplasmic cAMP levels rise (B) protein kinase A phosphorylates phorsporylase kinase (C) adenylate cyclase is activated (D) protein kinase A is activated (E) Gs protein is activated

19. Which of the following enzymatic activities is NOT possessed by E.coli DNA polymerase I? (A) 5'→3' DNA polymerase activity (B) 3'→5' DNA polymerase activity (C) 5'→3' exonuclease activity (D) 3'→5' exonuclease activity (E) None of the above

20. Which of the following components is NOT required for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? (A) Double-stranded DNA template (B) Primer (C) DNA polymerase (D) dNTP (E) Reverse transcriptase

21. The quantitation of proteins by detecting their absorbance at ~280 nm (UV region) is due to the large absorbtivity of the __________ amino acids. (A) anionic (B) aromatic (C) cleaved (D) dansylated (E) polar

22. What is the major epigenetic modification on DNA? (A) Methylation (B) Phosphorylation (C) Glycosylation (D) Ubiquitination (E) Acetylation

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