14. A seed develops from
(A) an ovum.
(B) a pollen grain.
(C) an ovule.
(D) an ovary.
(E) an embryo.

15. Genetic variations are important for evolution. Which of following statements is true? (A) Mutations are the only way to make more genetic variations. (B) Sexual recombination increases genetic variations for all organisms. (C) Heterozygote advantage is one of mechanisms to preserve genetic variations in diploid organisms. (D) Directional natural selections increase diversity of organisms in one population. (E) Darwin applied genetic principles to explain importance of genetic variation in evolution.

16. What is the trait used to group the organisms in to a clad? (A) Derived trait (B) Homologous traits (C) Ileterologous traits (D) Sex traits (E) Unique traits

17. Two potential devices that eukaryotic cells use to regulate transcription are DNA _ and _ histone (A) methylation； amplification (B) amplification； methylation (C) acetylation； methylation (D) methylation； acetylation (E) amplification； acetylation

18. What is the effect of a frame-shifting mutation in a gene? (A) It changes an amino acid in the encoded protein. (B) It has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. (C) It introduces a stop codon into the mRN( A ) (D) It alters the reading frame of the mRN( A ) (E) It prevents introns from being expressed.

19. Absence of bicoid gene mRNA from a Drosophila egg leads to the absence of anterior larval body parts and mirror-image duplication of posterior parts. This is evidence that the product of the bicoid gene (A) is transcribed in the early embryo. (B) normally leads to formation of tail structures. (C) normally leads to formation of head structures. (D) is a protein present in all head structures. (E) leads to programmed cell death

20. Which of the following is (are) the characteristics of microRNAs? (A) The microRNAs precursors form hair-pin (stem-loop) structure (B) Dicer enzyme cuts into shorter fragments (C) microRNAs prevent gene expression either by degrading the target mRNA or by blocking its translation (D) B and C only (E) A, B, and C

21. What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? (A) It hydrolyzes the host cell's DN( A ) (B) It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. (C) It converts host cell RNA into viral DN( A ) (D) It translates viral RNA into proteins. (E) It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands.

22. Which of the following helps to stabilize mRNA by inhibiting its degradation? (A) TATA box (B) Spliceosomes (C) 5' cap (D) poly-A tail (E) both C and D

23. If the recombination frequency between gene A and B is 10 out of 100 offspring, gene A and C is 30 out of 100 offspring, and gene B and C is 40 out of 100 offspring. What is the genetic map of these genes on a chromosome? (A) ABC (B) BCA (C) BAC (D) CAB (E) either C or D

24. The inheritance pattern where two or more genes do not assort independently because they are close together on the same chromosome is called (A) epistasis (B) linkage (C) genomic imprinting (D) dominance (E) Mendelian inheritance

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