14. Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?
(A) Mutation
(B) Nonrandom mating
(C) Genetic drift
(D) Natural selection
(E) Gene flow

50. Each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, but which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? (A) Mutation (B) Non-random mating (C) Genetic drift (D) Natural selection

15. Estrogen is a steroid hormone. What can be concluded about estrogen receptors? (A) The receptors would be coupled to a G-protein. (B) The receptors would be linked to enzymes that triggered a kinase cascade. (C) The receptors would be found inside the cell. (D) The receptors would be on the plasma membrane. (E) The receptors would also be lipid soluble and able to cross membranes.

16. Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is correct? (A) If oxygen is present, pyruvate will be converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. (B) Substrate phosphorylation occurs when protons pass through ATP synthase and combine with oxygen to make water. (C) An H⁺ electrochemical gradient is formed so that the H⁺ concentration is lower in the intermembrane space than inside the matrix. (D) Oxygen is an excellent final electron acceptor because of its low electronegativity. (E) In prokaryotic cells, the electron transport system occurs in the mitochondria.

17. Which of the following triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis? (A) PDGF (B) MPF (C) Cyclin (D) Protein kinase (E) Cdk

18. Diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by_____________. (A) active transport pumps (B) ion concentration gradients only (C) electrical gradients only (D) ion electrochemical gradients

19. Mutations that inhibit the function of photosystem I but not photosystem II would result in a plant cell that could still generate _____________. (A) produce O₂, ATP, and NADP⁺ (B) produce ATP and NADP⁺ (C) produce CO₂ and ATP (D) produce O₂, ATP, and NADPH (E) produce ATP and NADPH

20. Using ¹⁴CO₂ as a radioactive tracer, which molecule would be the last to incorporate ¹⁴C within the Calvin cycle? (A) 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) (B) rubisco (C) ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) (D) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) (E) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

21. The primary advantage C4 plants have over C3 plants is that (A) C4 plants can produce CO₂ needed for sugar production in the Calvin cycle more efficiently than C3 plants. (B) C4 plants minimize photorespiration compared with C3 plants. (C) C4 plants can produce sugars more efficiently than C3 plants under cool, wet conditions. (D) relative to C3 plants, C4 plants can keep their stomata open more frequently to limit water evaporation.

22. A rod exposed to light will (A) fire action potentials that increase its release of glutamate. (B) depolarize due to the opening of sodium channels. (C) hyperpolarize due to the opening of potassium channels. (D) undergo a graded depolarization that increase its release of glutamate. (E) undergo a graded hyperpolarization that decrease its release of glutamate.

23. If you add the plant hormone auxin to one side of a plant, the cells exposed to the auxin elongate. If you measured auxin levels in plant cells exposed to light, what you would you expect to find? (A) They would be lower, causing the plant to bend away from the light. (B) They would be higher, causing the plant to bend away from the light. (C) They would be higher, causing the plant to bend towards the light. (D) They would be lower, causing the plant to bend towards the light.

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