15. Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the
(A) brainstem.
(B) medulla.
(C) hypothalamus.
(D) hippocampus.
(E) cranial nerves.

11.What do hagfishes and lampreys have in common with the extinct conodonts? (A) Lungs (B) The jawless condition (C) Bony vertebrae (D) Their mode of feeding (E) Swim bladders

12. A polymerase chain reaction must have:I. DNA template II. DNA primersIII. RNA polymeraseIV. dNTPs V. DNA polymerase VI. RNA primers (A) I, II, III, IV (B) I, II, IV, V (C) I, III, IV, VI (D) I, II, V (E) I, IV, V, VI

13. The major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the human brain is__________. (A) acetylcholine (B) epinephrine (C) endorphin (D) nitric oxide (E) GABA

14. What do fungi and arthropods have in common? (A) Both groups are commonly coenocytic. (B) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. (C) Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. (D) The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. (E) Both groups have cell walls.

16. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is synthesized by________ , and it is degraded by_________. (A) adenylate cyclase； phosphodiesterases (B) phosphodiesterases； adenylate cyclase (C) adenylate cyclase； phosphoesterases (D) phosphoesterases； adenylate cyclase (E) None of the above is correct

17. What are (1), (2) and (3) for the following reaction? (A) NADH, pyruvate decarboxylase, NAD+ (B) NADH, pruvate dehydrogenase, NAD+ (C) NAD+, pyruvate decarboxylase, NADH (D) NAD+, pruvate dehydrogenase, NADH (E) None of the above is correct

複選題18. Each round of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle) produces_________. (1) two molecules of carbon dioxide(2) one molecule of ATP(3) two molecules of NADH(4) one molecule of FADH2 (A) (1) and (2) (B) (2) and (3) (C) (1) and (4) (D) (3) and (4) (E) All of the above are correct

19. Which of the following molecule can cross cell membranes freely? (A) Carbon dioxide (B) Na+ (C) K+ (D) All of the above (E) None of the above

20. The allosteric enzyme PFK-1 (Phosphofructokinase-1) catalyzes the committed step of glycolysis. Which of the following statements about PFK-1 is correct? (A) It is inhibited by ADP and stimulated by AMP. (B) It is inhibited by high pH. (C) It is stimulated by citrate. (D) It is stimulated by insulin but is inhibited by epinephrine in muscle cells. (E) It is stimulated by insulin and inhibited by glucagon in liver cells.

21. Which of the following pairs of amino acids could form a charge-charge interaction through their R- groups (side chains)? (A) serine and glutamic acid (B) glutamine and lysine (C) methionine and histidine (D) lysine and arginine (E) aspartic acid and lysine