15. Which kind of mutation below does not cause the alterations of chromosome structure during meiosis?
(A)Deletion
(B) Duplication
(C) Inversion
(D)Translocation
(E)Point mutation

16. Which one is NOT a true description of linked genes? (A)Linkage of genes violated the law of independent assortment. (B) Linked genes can be identified via crossing experiments. (C) Linked genes only can be found when genes are sequenced. (D)Genes could appear to be linked (statistically) but actually not. (E)Two genes are more likely to be linked if they are closer in distance on a chromosome.

17. In the history of the discovery of the genetic material, which combination was the research and the study that confirm DNA, not protein, is the genetic material? (A)Chase - T2 phage (B) Franklin - DNA x-ray (C) Watson - DNA SEM (D)Griffith - Streptococcus type R and S (E)Mendel - green and yellow beans 

18. During DNA duplication, while a nucleotide was added in the DNA strand, which molecule was release? (A)Polymerase (B) Primer (C) Primase (D)Phosphorane (E)Pyrophosphate

19. What is NOT a required molecule to start a DNA duplication process on both leading and lagging strands? (A)Helicase (B) RNA primer (C) Primase (D)DNA polymerase III (E)DNA ligase

20. After the RNA processing in a eukaryotic cell, which one is NOT in the final product? (A)5' cap (B) Coding segment (C) Poly-A tail (D)Exon (E)TATA-box

21. During the translation of a gene to a peptide chain, which step is the actual step that the peptide chain gets elongated? (A)Codon recognition of tRNA. (B) P-stie to A-site movement of tRNA. (C) Peptide bond formation while tRNA is on A-site. (D)P-site to E-site movement of tRNA. (E)E-site to release of tRNA.

22. Which kind of a small-scale mutation could change the length of DNA template? (A)Point mutation (B) Frameshift mutation (C) Nonsense mutation (D)Missense mutation (E)Silent mutation

23. Which one does not involve in an activation of operon in E. coli? (A)Promoter (B) Regulatory gene (C) Operator (D)Repressor (E)RNA polymerase

24. Eukaryotic cells originally have the same genomes, but the cell have developed and have different functions. The best explanation of this phenomenon is_________. (A)All cells have housekeeping genes that expressed unequally. (B) Some cells have differentiated and lost some of the important gene fragments. (C) Cells with specific function when specific genes expressed differentially in these cells. (D)Some cells have evolved during the development and have gain new mutations. (E)Some cells have been affected by the amount of gene copies that they carried for a specific function.

25. The DNA sequencing techniques have been evolving fast since 2004. Which technology is used in the first generation of the next-generation sequencing? (A)Sequencing by termination (B) Sequencing by synthesis (C) Sequencing by expansion (D)Sequencing by nanopore (E)Sequencing by fluorescence

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