25. The DNA sequencing techniques have been evolving fast since 2004. Which technology is used in the first generation of the next-generation sequencing?
(A)Sequencing by termination
(B) Sequencing by synthesis
(C) Sequencing by expansion
(D)Sequencing by nanopore
(E)Sequencing by fluorescence

21. During the translation of a gene to a peptide chain, which step is the actual step that the peptide chain gets elongated? (A)Codon recognition of tRNA. (B) P-stie to A-site movement of tRNA. (C) Peptide bond formation while tRNA is on A-site. (D)P-site to E-site movement of tRNA. (E)E-site to release of tRNA.

22. Which kind of a small-scale mutation could change the length of DNA template? (A)Point mutation (B) Frameshift mutation (C) Nonsense mutation (D)Missense mutation (E)Silent mutation

23. Which one does not involve in an activation of operon in E. coli? (A)Promoter (B) Regulatory gene (C) Operator (D)Repressor (E)RNA polymerase

24. Eukaryotic cells originally have the same genomes, but the cell have developed and have different functions. The best explanation of this phenomenon is_________. (A)All cells have housekeeping genes that expressed unequally. (B) Some cells have differentiated and lost some of the important gene fragments. (C) Cells with specific function when specific genes expressed differentially in these cells. (D)Some cells have evolved during the development and have gain new mutations. (E)Some cells have been affected by the amount of gene copies that they carried for a specific function.

26. What is the technique to use when you check if you have been infected by COVID-19 virus? (A)DNA cloning (B) Restriction site associated DNA sequencing (C) Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (D)Plasmids cloning and recombination (E)PCR based Illumina sequencing

27. Which one below cannot be used to identify the function of genes? (A)Gene knock-out (B) CRISPR-Cas9 system (C) RNAi method (D)Genome-wide association study (E)Sanger sequencing

28. The human genome project began in 1990 and completed in 2003, during the 13 years, the scientists have been using which technique to complete this task? (A)Whole genome shotgun approach (B) Sanger sequencing (C) NGS (D)Illumina (E)Pyrosequencing

29. Which one below does not seemly to fit into the field in system biology? (A)Bioinformatics (B) Genomics (C) Gene and protein network (D)Proteomics (E)DNA editing via gene knock-out

30. In Darwin's concepts of evolution, descent with modification, from the book the origin of species, which one was NOT included? (A)Natural selection (B) Adaptation (C) Sexual selection (D)Homology-traits descended from common ancestor (E)Beneficial genetic mutation

31. Which description about the DNA methylation is incorrect? (A)DNA methylation would affect the gene expression. (B) DNA methylation would cause gene mutation. (C) DNA methylation would be still in effect after cell division. (D)The removal of the extra methy! group would turn the genes back on. (E)DNA methylation is a research area in epigenetic inheritance.