32. From the media, we have encountered news of scientists used a phylogenetic tree to represent the evolution of SARS-Cov2 virus genomes. Which kind of information could not be extracted from this phylogenetic tree?
(A)The time of a certain strain of virous have evolved.
(B) The current and historical events of diversification of the virus strains.
(C) The possible number of mutations accumulated in a year.
(D)The relatedness and the genetic distance of one strain to another.
(E)The functional change of a mutation.

28. The human genome project began in 1990 and completed in 2003, during the 13 years, the scientists have been using which technique to complete this task? (A)Whole genome shotgun approach (B) Sanger sequencing (C) NGS (D)Illumina (E)Pyrosequencing

29. Which one below does not seemly to fit into the field in system biology? (A)Bioinformatics (B) Genomics (C) Gene and protein network (D)Proteomics (E)DNA editing via gene knock-out

30. In Darwin's concepts of evolution, descent with modification, from the book the origin of species, which one was NOT included? (A)Natural selection (B) Adaptation (C) Sexual selection (D)Homology-traits descended from common ancestor (E)Beneficial genetic mutation

31. Which description about the DNA methylation is incorrect? (A)DNA methylation would affect the gene expression. (B) DNA methylation would cause gene mutation. (C) DNA methylation would be still in effect after cell division. (D)The removal of the extra methy! group would turn the genes back on. (E)DNA methylation is a research area in epigenetic inheritance.

33. Which one below does not maintain and/or increase the genetic variation within a human population? (A)Mutation (B) Sexual reproduction (C) Gene duplication (D)Genetic drift (E)Recombination

34. In a lake of South Africa, a group of fish evolved into different species due to the change of the shape of their lower jaws so they could prey on different types of prey. Which term best describes this pattern of speciation? (A)Sympatric speciation (B) Allopatric speciation (C) Parapatric speciation (D)Polyploidy speciation (E)Speciation after hybridization

35. After genomic research, scientists found the mitochondria and plastids in the eukaryotic cells contain the external genomic fragments that were not belong to the nucleic genome.Which one is incorrect about the currently known knowledge about the origins of these two organelles? (A)The process is including mitochondria and plastids was termed endosymbiosis. (B) The plastids were included in the eukaryotic cells before mitochondria. (C) The interaction between mitochondria and the host cell is mutualism. (D)The origin of mitochondria was aerobic bacteria. (E)The origin of plastids was photosynthetic bacteria.

36. Coronavirus belongs to which kind of virus? (A)dsDNA virus (B) ssDNA virus (C) dsRNA virus (D)ssRNA virus - RNA serves as mRNA (E)ssRNA virus - RNA serves as template for DNA synthesis

37. Glycoproteins on the viral envelope is important part when a virus infects a cell because it binds to a specific receptor on the cell membrane so the viral genome could get into the cell. In which step/cell part the glycoprotein was produced in the life cycle of an RNA virus? (A)Viral genome serves as template for synthesis of complementary RNA strand / in cytosol (B) Viral genome serves as template for synthesis of complementary RNA strand/ in ER (C) Viral genome serves as mRNA for translation / in Golgi apparatus (D)Viral genome serves as mRNA for translation / in ER (E)Viral genome serves as mRNA for translation / in Golgi apparatus

38. Staphylococcus aureus could cause mild infection to life threatening illness for humnan. Which group of bacteria that it belongs to? (A)Gram-positive bacteria(B)Gram-negative bacteria (C) Cyanobacteria (D)Spirochetes (E)Proteobacteria