17. Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?

(A) ascogonia

(B) zygosporangia

(C) basidiospores

(D) conidia

(E) ascospores

44. Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? (A) ascospores (B) basidiospores (C) zygosporangia (D) conidiophores (E) ascocarps

18. The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of the mycelium is primarily related to(A) the increased probability of contact between different mating types.(B) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms.(C) avoiding sexual reproduction until environmental change occurs.(D) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats.(E) an extensive surface area well suited for absorptive nutrition.

19. The distinction between the parazoans and eumetazoans is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of(A) mesoderm.(B) a complete digestive tract.(C) body cavities.(D) a circulatory system.(E) true tissues.

20. Which of the following was the least likely factor in the Cambrian explosion?(A) the accumulation of diverse adaptations such as shells and different modes of locomotion(B) the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals(C) the movement of animals onto land(D) the evolution of fox genes that controlled development(E) the emergence of predator-prey relationships between animals

21. Which of the following subdivisions of the animal kingdom encompasses all the others in the list?(A) protostomes(B) bilateria(C) deuterostomes(D) pseudocoelomates(E) coelomates

22. Water movement through a sponge would follow what path?(A) choanocyte→ mesohyl →spongocoel(B) porocyte→ spongocoel→ osculum(C) colloblast →coelom→ porocyte(D) porocyte→choanocyte→mesohyl(E) blastopore→gastrovascular cavity→protostome

23. Which of the following is not true of the chelicerates?(A) They have antennae.(B) Their anterior appendages are modified as pincers or fangs.(C) The horseshoe crab is one surviving marine member.(D) They include ticks, scorpions, and spiders.(E) Their body is divided into a cephalothorax and an abdomen.

24. Which of the following characteristics is probably most responsible for the incredible diversification of insects on land?(A) segmentation(B) flight(C) exoskeleton(D) tracheal system(E) metamorphosis

25. Some 530-million-year-old Chinese fossils resemble lancelets but have a more elaborate brain and a brain case (cranium). These fossils may represent(A) an early vertebrate.(B) a non-tetrapod gnathostome.(C) a primitive bony fish.(D) a "missing link" between the urochordates and cephalochordates.(E) the first chordate.

26. If you were to observe a monkey in a zoo, which characteristic would indicate a New World origin for that monkey species?(A) occasional bipedal walking(B) eyes close together on the front of the skull(C) distinct "seat pads"(D) downward orientation of the nostrils(E) use of the tail to hang from a tree limb

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